Interventional catheter system and methods

ABSTRACT

An interventional catheter is adapted for treating a blood vessel. In an embodiment, the catheter includes an elongate shaft sized for insertion in a blood vessel and a stent positioned on a distal region of the elongate shaft. An expandable dilation member is coupled to a distal region of the elongate shaft. The expandable dilation member is adapted to expand outward. A stent containment member is positioned over the elongate shaft and the stent to contain the stent in a collapsed state.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/281,311 filed Feb. 21, 2019, entitled “Interventional Catheter System and Methods”, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/613,891 filed Jun. 5, 2017 entitled “Interventional Catheter System and Methods”, now U.S. Pat. No. 10,226,598, which is a continuation application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/366,287 filed Feb. 5, 2009 entitled “Interventional Catheter System and Methods” now U.S. Pat. No. 9,669,191 and claims priority of co-pending U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 61/026,308 filed on Feb. 5, 2008 and U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 61/094,797 filed on Sep. 5, 2008. The disclosures of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.

BACKGROUND

The present disclosure relates generally to medical methods and devices. More particularly, the present disclosure relates to methods and systems for interventional catheters such as for carotid artery stenting to treat carotid artery disease.

Carotid artery disease usually consists of deposits of plaque which narrow the internal carotid artery ICA at or near the junction between the common carotid artery and the internal carotid artery. These deposits increase the risk of embolic particles being generated and entering the cerebral vasculature, leading to neurologic consequences such as transient ischemic attacks TIA, ischemic stroke, or death. In addition, should such narrowings become severe, blood flow to the brain is inhibited with serious and sometimes fatal consequences.

Two principal therapies are employed for treating carotid artery disease. The first is carotid endarterectomy CEA, an open surgical procedure which relies on clamping the common, internal and external carotid arteries, surgically opening the carotid artery at the site of the disease (usually the carotid bifurcation where the common carotid artery divides into the internal carotid artery and external carotid artery), dissecting away and removing the plaque, and then closing the carotid artery with a suture. The risk of emboli release into the internal and external arteries is minimized. During the procedure while the artery is opened, all the carotid artery branches are clamped so particles are unable to enter the vasculature. The arteries are debrided and vigorously flushed before closing the vessels and restoring blood flow. Because the clinical consequence of emboli release into the external carotid artery is less significant, the common carotid and external carotid arteries are usually unclamped first, so that any embolic particles which remain in the bifurcation or in the common carotid artery are flushed from the common carotid artery into the external carotid artery. As a last step, the internal carotid artery clamp is opened to restore arterial flow throughout the carotid circulation.

The second procedure, carotid artery stenting CAS, relies on deployment and expansion of a metallic stent across the carotid artery stenosis, typically at or across the branch from the common carotid artery into the internal carotid artery, or entirely in the internal carotid artery, depending on the position of the disease. Usually, a self-expanding stent is introduced through a percutaneous puncture into the femoral artery in the groin and up the aortic arch into the target common carotid artery. If deemed necessary, a balloon dilatation of the stenosis is performed before the stent is inserted, to open the lesion and facilitate the placement of the stent delivery catheter and of other devices. In the majority of instances, a balloon dilatation is performed on the stenosis after the stent is placed, to optimize the luminal diameter of the stented segment. Usually, a guide wire remains in place across the stenosis during the entire intervention of the stenosis to facilitate the exchange of the various devices for pre-dilatation, stent delivery, and post-dilatation. The guide wire remains in place until a final angiogram confirms an acceptable outcome.

In carotid stenting procedures, adjunct embolic protection devices are usually used to at least partially alleviate the risk of emboli. The primary category of embolic protection devices is distal filters. These filters are positioned in the internal carotid artery distal to the region of stenting. The filter is intended to capture the embolic particles to prevent passage into the cerebral vasculature. Such filtering devices, however, carry certain limitations. They must be advanced to the target vessel and cross the stenosis prior to deployment, which exposes the cerebral vascular to embolic showers; they are not always easy to advance, deploy, and remove through a tight stenosis and/or a severely angulated vasculature; and finally, they only filter particles larger than the filter pore size, typically 100 to 120 μm. There is also concern that these devices do not filter 100% of the flow, especially around their perimeter, and furthermore there is a risk of debris escape during filter retrieval.

Alternative methods for reducing embolic risk during CAS procedures have been proposed utilizing the concept of stopping or reversing the flow into the internal carotid artery to prevent embolic debris entering the cerebral vasculature. In a static flow method proposed by Reimers and Coppi, the common carotid artery and external carotid artery are occluded during the intervention using a dual balloon cannula inserted transfemorally to the target carotid artery. The distal balloon is positioned in the external carotid artery and the proximal balloon is positioned in the common carotid artery. An opening in the cannula between the balloons is used to deliver the interventional devices into the target internal carotid artery. During periods of the intervention and at the end of the intervention prior to establishing forward flow in the internal carotid artery, aspiration is performed between the two balloons to remove embolic debris.

In reverse flow protocols, the arterial access cannula is connected to a venous cannula or to a low pressure external receptacle in order to establish a reverse or retrograde flow from the internal carotid artery through the arterial cannula and away from the cerebral vasculature. A reverse flow protocol has been proposed by Parodi using a percutaneous, transfemoral approach. Flow in the common carotid artery is occluded, typically by inflating a balloon on the distal tip of the cannula. Flow into the external carotid artery may also be occluded, typically using a balloon catheter introduced through the cannula. After such reverse or retrograde flow is established, the stenting procedure may be performed with a greatly reduced risk of emboli entering the cerebral vasculature. An alternate reverse flow protocol utilizing a surgical, transcervical approach has been proposed by Criado and Chang. Such an approach eliminates complications associated with gaining transfemoral endovascular access to the common carotid artery, and allows the possibility of much shorter and potentially larger profile interventional devices. In addition, the shorter length reduces the flow resistance and thus increases the level of reverse flow achievable. This increased reverse flow reduces the need to occlude the external carotid artery by reducing the potential flow from the external carotid artery antegrade to the internal carotid artery during common carotid artery occlusion in the case of an external carotid artery to internal carotid artery pressure gradient. The elimination of the external carotid artery occlusion balloon greatly reduces the complexity, risk and potential complications of the procedure.

During a CAS procedure, there are periods of increased risk of release of embolic debris. These periods have been documented in studies using Transcranial Doppler (TCD) technology to measure the passage of embolic debris in the cerebral arteries during the CAS procedure. One of these periods is when a device, for example a dilatation balloon or stent delivery device, crosses the stenosis. Another example is when the post-stent dilatation balloon is deflated (presumably releasing embolic particles that have been generated during the dilatation). For reverse or static flow protocols where the common carotid artery is occluded, there is also an elevated risk of embolic particles when the common carotid artery is un-occluded. For these reasons, it would be desirable to provide methods and devices which would enable a CAS intervention with a reduction in the number of devices required to cross the stenosis. It would further be desirable to provide methods and devices which could offer augmented protection from embolic events during critical periods of intervention.

None of the cerebral protection devices and methods described offer protection after the CAS procedure. However, clinical and sub-clinical cerebral ischemia has been measured up to 48 hours post stent procedure. During CEA, flushing at the end of the procedure while blocking flow to the internal carotid artery may help reduce procedural and post-procedural emboli generation. Studies which have compared CAS and CEA procedures have documented a significantly higher level of micro-ischemic events during CAS procedures as measured by diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DW-MRI). This suggests that the methods used to remove embolic debris and prevent embolic generation are more effective in CEA than in CAS procedures. It may be advantageous to provide a means to flush and/or aspirate the treated area during a CAS procedure to similar effect as is done in a CEA procedure, and further to isolate the internal carotid artery during removal of the common carotid artery occlusion so that any potential debris proximal to the common carotid artery occlusion or in the treatment zone is forward flushed via arterial blood flow into the external carotid artery before arterial flow is reestablished into the internal carotid artery.

DESCRIPTION OF BACKGROUND ART

Methods and systems for inducing static or retrograde blood flow while performing interventional procedures in the carotid arteries are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,413,235; 6,423,032; 6,595,953; 6,837,881; and 7,083,594; and printed publications US2001/0044598; 2002/0087119; and US2005/0154349. Literature relating to carotid artery stenting with static flow or flow reversal include: Coppi et al, J Cardiovasc Surg (Torino). 2005 June; 46(3):219-27; Reimers et al, J Endovasc Ther. 2005 April; 12(2):156-65; Parodi et al, J Vasc Surg. 2005 March; 41(3):416-22. Literature relating to transcervical access with flow reversal include: Criado E et al. Ann Vasc Surg. 2004 March; 18(2):257-61; Chang D W et al. J Vasc Surg. 2004 May; 39(5):994-1002; Criado E et al. J Vasc Surg. 2004 July; 40(1):92-7; Criado E. et al., J Vasc Surg 2004 September; 40(3):476-83.

SUMMARY

The disclosed methods, apparatus, and systems establish and facilitate retrograde or reverse flow blood circulation in the region of the carotid artery bifurcation in order to limit or prevent the release of emboli into the cerebral vasculature, particularly into the internal carotid artery. The methods are particularly useful for interventional procedures, such as stenting and angioplasty, atherectomy, performed through a transcervical or transfemoral approach into the common carotid artery, either using an open surgical technique or using a percutaneous technique, such as a modified Seldinger technique.

In one aspect, there is disclosed an interventional catheter for treating a blood vessel, comprising: an elongate shaft sized for insertion in a blood vessel; a stent positioned on a distal region of the elongate shaft; an expandable dilation member coupled to a distal region of the elongate shaft, the expandable dilation member adapted to expand outward; and a stent containment member positioned over the elongate shaft and the stent to contain the stent in a collapsed state.

In another aspect, there is disclosed an interventional catheter for treating a blood vessel, comprising: an elongate shaft sized for insertion in a blood vessel; an expandable dilation member coupled to a distal region of the elongate shaft, the expandable dilation member adapted to expand outward to dilate a stent; and a flush lumen coupled to the elongate shaft wherein at least one exit port is positioned at a distal region of the flush lumen so that fluid can flow out of the flush lumen through the exit port into the blood vessel.

In another aspect, there is disclosed an interventional catheter for treating a blood vessel, comprising: an elongate shaft sized for insertion in a blood vessel; an expandable dilation member coupled to a distal region of the elongate shaft, the expandable dilation member adapted to expand outward to dilate a stent; and an expandable occlusion member coupled to a distal region of the elongate shaft, the expandable occlusion member adapted to expand outward to occlude a blood vessel at a location distal of the expandable dilation member.

In another aspect, there is disclosed an interventional catheter for treating a blood vessel, comprising: an elongate shaft sized for insertion in a blood vessel; an expandable occlusion member coupled to a distal region of the elongate shaft, the expandable dilation member adapted to expand outward to occlude a blood vessel; and a flush lumen coupled to the elongate shaft wherein at least one exit port is positioned at a distal region of the flush lumen so that fluid can flow out of the flush lumen through the exit port into the blood vessel.

In another aspect, there is disclosed a method for treating a carotid artery, comprising: forming a penetration in a wall of a common carotid artery; positioning an arterial access sheath through the penetration; inserting a catheter through the sheath into a treatment site comprised of the internal carotid artery or the bifurcation between the internal and external carotid arteries, wherein the catheter includes an expandable stent, a stent containment member, and an expandable dilation member; releasing the stent so that the stent expands and deploys at the treatment site; repositioning the catheter so that the dilation member is positioned inside the deployed stent; and expanding the dilation member to post-dilate the stent.

In another aspect, there is disclosed a method for treating a carotid artery, comprising: forming a penetration in a wall of a common carotid artery; positioning an arterial access sheath through the penetration; inserting a catheter through the sheath into a treatment site comprised of the internal carotid artery or the bifurcation between the internal and external carotid arteries, wherein the catheter includes an expandable stent, a stent containment member, an expandable dilation member that dilates a stent and also includes a lumen through which flush fluid flows and an exit port through which flush lumen exits the catheter; releasing the stent so that the stent expands and deploys at the treatment site; positioning the catheter so that the dilation member is positioned inside the deployed stent; expanding the dilation member to post-dilate the stent; and passing flush fluid through the flush lumen and out of the exit port or aspirating blood into the flush lumen via the exit port.

In another aspect, there is disclosed a method for treating a carotid artery, comprising: forming a penetration in a wall of a common carotid artery; positioning an arterial access sheath through the penetration; inserting a first catheter through the access sheath and using the first catheter to deploy a stent into a treatment site comprised of the internal carotid artery or the bifurcation between the internal and external carotid arteries; positioning a second catheter through the sheath into the treatment site, wherein the second catheter includes an expandable dilation member that expands outward to dilate a stent and an expandable occlusion member that expands outward to occlude the internal carotid artery at a location distal of the expandable dilation member; positioning the second catheter so that the dilation member is positioned inside the deployed stent and the occlusion member is positioned in the distal internal carotid artery; expanding the dilation member to post-dilate the stent; and expanding the occlusion member to occlude the internal carotid artery.

In another aspect, there is disclosed a method for treating a carotid artery, comprising: forming a penetration in a wall of a common carotid artery; positioning an arterial access sheath through the penetration; inserting a catheter through the sheath into a treatment site comprised of the internal carotid artery or the bifurcation between the internal and external carotid arteries, wherein the catheter includes an expandable occlusion member that expands to occlude an artery and also includes a lumen through which fluid may be flushed or aspirated and an exit port through which flush lumen exits the catheter; positioning the catheter so that the occlusion member is positioned in the internal carotid artery; expanding the occlusion member to occlude the internal carotid artery; and flushing fluid through the flush lumen and out of the exit port.

In another aspect, there is disclosed a method for treating a carotid artery, comprising: forming a penetration in a wall of a common carotid artery; positioning an arterial access sheath through the penetration; causing retrograde blood flow from the carotid artery into the sheath; inserting a stent delivery catheter through the sheath into a treatment site comprised of the internal carotid artery or the bifurcation between the internal and external carotid arteries; and releasing the stent so that the stent expands and deploys at the treatment site.

Other features and advantages should be apparent from the following description of various embodiments, which illustrate, by way of example, the principles of the invention.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1A is a schematic illustration of a retrograde blood flow system including a flow control assembly wherein an arterial access device accesses the common carotid artery via a transcervical approach and a venous return device communicates with the internal jugular vein.

FIG. 1B is a schematic illustration of a retrograde blood flow system wherein an arterial access device accesses the common carotid artery via a transcervical approach and a venous return device communicates with the femoral vein.

FIG. 1C is a schematic illustration of a retrograde blood flow system wherein an arterial access device accesses the common carotid artery via a transfemoral approach and a venous return device communicates with the femoral vein.

FIG. 1D is a schematic illustration of a retrograde blood flow system wherein retrograde flow is collected in an external receptacle.

FIG. 2A is an enlarged view of the carotid artery wherein the carotid artery is occluded and connected to a reverse flow shunt via an arterial access device, and an interventional device, such as a stent delivery system or other working catheter, is introduced into the carotid artery via the arterial access device.

FIG. 2B is an alternate system wherein the carotid artery is connected to a reverse flow shunt and an interventional device, such as a stent delivery system or other working catheter, is introduced into the carotid artery via an arterial access device, and the carotid artery is occluded with a separate occlusion device.

FIG. 2C is an alternate system wherein the carotid artery is occluded and the artery is connected to a reverse flow shunt via an arterial access device and the interventional device, such as a stent delivery system, is introduced into the carotid artery via an arterial introducer device.

FIG. 3 illustrates a prior Criado flow shunt system.

FIG. 4 illustrates a normal cerebral circulation diagram including the Circle of Willis CW.

FIG. 5 illustrates the vasculature in a patient's neck, including the common carotid artery CCA, the internal carotid artery ICA, the external carotid artery ECA, and the internal jugular vein IJV.

FIG. 6A illustrates an arterial access device useful in the methods and systems of the present disclosure.

FIG. 6B illustrates an additional arterial access device construction with a reduced diameter distal end.

FIGS. 7A and 7B illustrate a tube useful with the sheath of FIG. 6A.

FIG. 8A illustrates an additional arterial access device construction with an expandable occlusion element.

FIG. 8B illustrates an additional arterial access device construction with an expandable occlusion element and a reduced diameter distal end.

FIG. 9 illustrates a first embodiment of a venous return device useful in the methods and systems of the present disclosure.

FIG. 10 illustrates an alternative venous return device useful in the methods and systems of the present disclosure.

FIG. 11 illustrates the system of FIG. 1 including a flow control assembly.

FIG. 12A-12D, FIGS. 13A-13D, FIGS. 14A and 14B, FIGS. 15A-15D, and FIGS. 16A and 16B, illustrate different embodiments of a variable flow resistance component useful in the methods and systems of the present disclosure.

FIGS. 17A-17B, FIGS. 18A-18B, FIGS. 19A-19D, and FIGS. 20A-20B illustrate further embodiments of a variable flow resistance system useful in the methods and systems of the present disclosure.

FIGS. 21A-21E illustrate the exemplary blood flow paths during a procedure for implanting a stent at the carotid bifurcation in accordance with the principles of the present disclosure.

FIG. 22 shows a schematic view of an exemplary interventional catheter.

FIG. 23 shows a cross-sectional view of the distal region of the catheter.

FIG. 24 shows a cross-sectional view of another embodiment of the catheter.

FIGS. 25A and 25B show additional embodiments of the catheter.

FIGS. 26A-26D show an exemplary method of use of any of the catheters having a dilation balloon and stent delivery capabilities on a single system.

FIG. 27 shows a cross-sectional view of a distal region of a tri-lumen dilatation balloon catheter that has flushing capabilities.

FIG. 28 shows another embodiment with an outer tubing positioned coaxial with a dual lumen shaft that carries the balloon.

FIG. 29 shows another embodiment that includes a dilation balloon catheter with an external, single-lumen tubing for flushing.

FIGS. 30A and 30B show a dilatation balloon catheter that has an internal flush lumen through which a flush solution can be passed.

FIGS. 31A and 31B show a dual dilatation balloon and occlusion balloon catheter.

FIGS. 32A and 32B show a variation of the dual balloon catheter with flushing capabilities.

FIGS. 33A-33C show a catheter with a single balloon with a dual diameter.

FIG. 34 shows an occlusion balloon catheter that has a distal occlusion balloon and flushing capabilities.

FIG. 35 shows a stent delivery catheter that has an internal coaxial tubing member that terminates at a distal tapered tip, creating an annular flush lumen.

FIG. 36 shows a catheter with a guidewire lumen that doubles as a flush or aspiration lumen.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

FIG. 1A shows a first embodiment of a retrograde flow system 100 that is adapted to establish and facilitate retrograde or reverse flow blood circulation in the region of the carotid artery bifurcation in order to limit or prevent the release of emboli into the cerebral vasculature, particularly into the internal carotid artery. The system 100 interacts with the carotid artery to provide retrograde flow from the carotid artery to a venous return site, such as the internal jugular vein (or to another return site such as another large vein or an external receptacle in alternate embodiments.) The retrograde flow system 100 includes an arterial access device 110, a venous return device 115, and a shunt 120 that provides a passageway for retrograde flow from the arterial access device 110 to the venous return device 115. A flow control assembly 125 interacts with the shunt 120. The flow control assembly 125 is adapted to regulate and/or monitor the retrograde flow from the common carotid artery to the internal jugular vein, as described in more detail below. The flow control assembly 125 interacts with the flow pathway through the shunt 120, either external to the flow path, inside the flow path, or both. The arterial access device 110 at least partially inserts into the common carotid artery CCA and the venous return device 115 at least partially inserts into a venous return site such as the internal jugular vein IJV, as described in more detail below. The arterial access device 110 and the venous return device 115 couple to the shunt 120 at connection locations 127 a and 127 b. When flow through the common carotid artery is blocked, the natural pressure gradient between the internal carotid artery and the venous system causes blood to flow in a retrograde or reverse direction RG (FIG. 2A) from the cerebral vasculature through the internal carotid artery and through the shunt 120 into the venous system. The flow control assembly 125 modulates, augments, assists, monitors, and/or otherwise regulates the retrograde blood flow.

In the embodiment of FIG. 1A, the arterial access device 110 accesses the common carotid artery CCA via a transcervical approach. Transcervical access provides a short length and non-tortuous pathway from the vascular access point to the target treatment site thereby easing the time and difficulty of the procedure, compared for example to a transfemoral approach. Additionally, this access route reduces the risk of emboli generation from navigation of diseased, angulated, or tortuous aortic arch or common carotid artery anatomy. At least a portion of the venous return device 115 is placed in the internal jugular vein IJV. In an embodiment, transcervical access to the common carotid artery is achieved percutaneously via an incision or puncture in the skin through which the arterial access device 110 is inserted. If an incision is used, then the incision can be about 0.5 cm in length. An occlusion element 129, such as an expandable balloon, can be used to occlude the common carotid artery CCA at a location proximal of the distal end of the arterial access device 110. The occlusion element 129 can be located on the arterial access device 110 or it can be located on a separate device. In an alternate embodiment, the arterial access device 110 accesses the common carotid artery CCA via a direct surgical transcervical approach. In the surgical approach, the common carotid artery can be occluded using a tourniquet 2105. The tourniquet 2105 is shown in phantom to indicate that it is a device that is used in the optional surgical approach.

In another embodiment, shown in FIG. 1B, the arterial access device 110 accesses the common carotid artery CCA via a transcervical approach while the venous return device 115 access a venous return site other than the jugular vein, such as a venous return site comprised of the femoral vein FV. The venous return device 115 can be inserted into a central vein such as the femoral vein FV via a percutaneous puncture in the groin.

In another embodiment, shown in FIG. 1C, the arterial access device 110 accesses the common carotid artery via a femoral approach. According to the femoral approach, the arterial access device 110 approaches the CCA via a percutaneous puncture into the femoral artery FA, such as in the groin, and up the aortic arch AA into the target common carotid artery CCA. The venous return device 115 can communicate with the jugular vein JV or the femoral vein FV.

FIG. 1D shows yet another embodiment, wherein the system provides retrograde flow from the carotid artery to an external receptacle 130 rather than to a venous return site. The arterial access device 110 connects to the receptacle 130 via the shunt 120, which communicates with the flow control assembly 125. The retrograde flow of blood is collected in the receptacle 130. If desired, the blood could be filtered and subsequently returned to the patient. The pressure of the receptacle 130 could be set at zero pressure (atmospheric pressure) or even lower, causing the blood to flow in a reverse direction from the cerebral vasculature to the receptacle 130. Optionally, to achieve or enhance reverse flow from the internal carotid artery, flow from the external carotid artery can be blocked, typically by deploying a balloon or other occlusion element in the external carotid artery just above the bifurcation with the internal carotid artery. FIG. 1D shows the arterial access device 110 arranged in a transcervical approach with the CCA although it should be appreciated that the use of the external receptacle 130 can also be used with the arterial access device 110 in a transfemoral approach.

With reference to the enlarged view of the carotid artery in FIG. 2A, an interventional device, such as a stent delivery system 135 or other working catheter, can be introduced into the carotid artery via the arterial access device 110, as described in detail below. The stent delivery system 135 can be used to treat the plaque P such as to deploy a stent into the carotid artery. The arrow RG in FIG. 2A represents the direction of retrograde flow.

FIG. 2B shows another embodiment, wherein the arterial access device 110 is used for the purpose of creating an arterial-to-venous shunt as well as introduction of at least one interventional device into the carotid artery. A separate arterial occlusion device 112 with an occlusion element 129 can be used to occlude the common carotid artery CCA at a location proximal to the distal end of the arterial access device 110.

FIG. 2C shows yet another embodiment wherein the arterial access device 110 is used for the purpose of creating an arterial-to-venous shunt as well as arterial occlusion using an occlusion element 129. A separate arterial introducer device can be used for the introduction of at least one interventional device into the carotid artery at a location distal to the arterial access device 110.

Description of Anatomy

Collateral Brain Circulation

The Circle of Willis CW is the main arterial anastomatic trunk of the brain where all major arteries which supply the brain, namely the two internal carotid arteries (ICAs) and the vertebral basilar system, connect. The blood is carried from the Circle of Willis by the anterior, middle and posterior cerebral arteries to the brain. This communication between arteries makes collateral circulation through the brain possible. Blood flow through alternate routes is made possible thereby providing a safety mechanism in case of blockage to one or more vessels providing blood to the brain. The brain can continue receiving adequate blood supply in most instances even when there is a blockage somewhere in the arterial system (e.g., when the ICA is ligated as described herein). Flow through the Circle of Willis ensures adequate cerebral blood flow by numerous pathways that redistribute blood to the deprived side.

The collateral potential of the Circle of Willis is believed to be dependent on the presence and size of its component vessels. It should be appreciated that considerable anatomic variation between individuals can exist in these vessels and that many of the involved vessels may be diseased. For example, some people lack one of the communicating arteries. If a blockage develops in such people, collateral circulation is compromised resulting in an ischemic event and potentially brain damage. In addition, an autoregulatory response to decreased perfusion pressure can include enlargement of the collateral arteries, such as the communicating arteries, in the Circle of Willis. An adjustment time is occasionally required for this compensation mechanism before collateral circulation can reach a level that supports normal function. This autoregulatory response can occur over the space of 15 to 30 seconds and can only compensate within a certain range of pressure and flow drop. Thus, it is possible for a transient ischemic attack to occur during the adjustment period. Very high retrograde flow rate for an extended period of time can lead to conditions where the patient's brain is not getting enough blood flow, leading to patient intolerance as exhibited by neurologic symptoms or in some cases a transient ischemic attack.

FIG. 4 depicts a normal cerebral circulation and formation of Circle of Willis CW. The aorta AO gives rise to the brachiocephalic artery BCA, which branches into the left common carotid artery LCCA and left subclavian artery LSCA. The aorta AO further gives rise to the right common carotid artery RCCA and right subclavian artery RSCA. The left and right common carotid arteries CCA gives rise to internal carotid arteries ICA which branch into the middle cerebral arteries MCA, posterior communicating artery PcoA, and anterior cerebral artery ACA. The anterior cerebral arteries ACA deliver blood to some parts of the frontal lobe and the corpus striatum. The middle cerebral arteries MCA are large arteries that have tree-like branches that bring blood to the entire lateral aspect of each hemisphere of the brain. The left and right posterior cerebral arteries PCA arise from the basilar artery BA and deliver blood to the posterior portion of the brain (the occipital lobe).

Anteriorly, the Circle of Willis is formed by the anterior cerebral arteries ACA and the anterior communicating artery ACoA which connects the two ACAs. The two posterior communicating arteries PCoA connect the Circle of Willis to the two posterior cerebral arteries PCA, which branch from the basilar artery BA and complete the Circle posteriorly.

The common carotid artery CCA also gives rise to external carotid artery ECA, which branches extensively to supply most of the structures of the head except the brain and the contents of the orbit. The ECA also helps supply structures in the neck and face.

Carotid Artery Bifurcation

FIG. 5 shows an enlarged view of the relevant vasculature in the patient's neck. The common carotid artery CCA branches at bifurcation B into the internal carotid artery ICA and the external carotid artery ECA. The bifurcation is located at approximately the level of the fourth cervical vertebra. FIG. 5 shows plaque P formed at the bifurcation B.

As discussed above, the arterial access device 110 can access the common carotid artery CCA via a transcervical approach. Pursuant to the transcervical approach, the arterial access device 110 is inserted into the common carotid artery CCA at an arterial access location L, which can be, for example, a surgical incision or puncture in the wall of the common carotid artery CCA. There is typically a distance D of around 5 to 7 cm between the arterial access location L and the bifurcation B. When the arterial access device 110 is inserted into the common carotid artery CCA, it is undesirable for the distal tip of the arterial access device 110 to contact the bifurcation B as this could disrupt the plaque P and cause generation of embolic particles. In order to minimize the likelihood of the arterial access device 110 contacting the bifurcation B, in an embodiment only about 2-4 cm of the distal region of the arterial access device is inserted into the common carotid artery CCA during a procedure.

The common carotid arteries are encased on each side in a layer of fascia called the carotid sheath. This sheath also envelops the internal jugular vein and the vagus nerve. Anterior to the sheath is the sternocleidomastoid muscle. Transcervical access to the common carotid artery and internal jugular vein, either percutaneous or surgical, can be made immediately superior to the clavicle, between the two heads of the sternocleidomastoid muscle and through the carotid sheath, with care taken to avoid the vagus nerve.

At the upper end of this sheath, the common carotid artery bifurcates into the internal and external carotid arteries. The internal carotid artery continues upward without branching until it enters the skull to supply blood to the retina and brain. The external carotid artery branches to supply blood to the scalp, facial, ocular, and other superficial structures. Intertwined both anterior and posterior to the arteries are several facial and cranial nerves. Additional neck muscles may also overlay the bifurcation. These nerve and muscle structures can be dissected and pushed aside to access the carotid bifurcation during a carotid endarterectomy procedure. In some cases the carotid bifurcation is closer to the level of the mandible, where access is more challenging and with less room available to separate it from the various nerves which should be spared. In these instances, the risk of inadvertent nerve injury can increase and an open endarterectomy procedure may not be a good option.

Detailed Description of Retrograde Blood Flow System

As discussed, the retrograde flow system 100 includes the arterial access device 110, venous return device 115, and shunt 120 which provides a passageway for retrograde flow from the arterial access device 110 to the venous return device 115. The system also includes the flow control assembly 125, which interacts with the shunt 120 to regulate and/or monitor retrograde blood flow through the shunt 120. Exemplary embodiments of the components of the retrograde flow system 100 are described below.

It should be appreciated that the retrograde flow system can vary. For example, FIG. 3 shows a prior Criado flow shunt system. The Criado system uses a flow shunt which includes an arterial sheath 210 and a venous sheath 212. Each sheath has a side arm 214, terminating in a stopcock 216. The two sheaths stopcocks are connected by a connector tubing 218, thus completing a reverse flow shunt from the arterial sheath 210 to the venous sheath 212. The arterial sheath is placed in the common carotid artery CCA through an open surgical incision in the neck below the carotid bifurcation. Occlusion of the common carotid artery CCA is accomplished using a temporary vessel ligation, for example using a Rummel tourniquet and umbilical tape or vessel loop. The venous return sheath 212 is placed into the internal jugular vein IJV, such as via an open surgical incision. Retrograde flow from the internal carotid artery ICA and the external carotid artery ECA may then be established by opening the stopcock 216. The Criado protocol is an improvement over the earlier retrograde flow protocols since it eliminates the need for femoral access. While a significant improvement over the femoral access-based retrograde flow protocols, the Criado protocol and flow shunt could still benefit from improvement.

There is now described an improved retrograde flow system.

Arterial Access Device

FIG. 6A shows an exemplary embodiment of the arterial access device 110, which comprises a distal sheath 605, a proximal extension 610, a flow line 615, an adaptor or Y-connector 620, and a hemostasis valve 625. The distal sheath 605 is adapted to be introduced through an incision or puncture in a wall of a common carotid artery, either an open surgical incision or a percutaneous puncture established, for example, using the Seldinger technique. The length of the sheath can be in the range from 5 to 15 cm, usually being from 10 cm to 12 cm. The inner diameter is typically in the range from 7 Fr (1 Fr=0.33 mm), to 10 Fr, usually being 8 Fr. Particularly when the sheath is being introduced through the transcervical approach, above the clavicle but below the carotid bifurcation, it is desirable that the sheath 605 be highly flexible while retaining hoop strength to resist kinking and buckling. Thus, the distal sheath 605 can be circumferentially reinforced, such as by braid, helical ribbon, helical wire, or the like. In an alternate embodiment, the distal sheath is adapted to be introduced through a percutaneous puncture into the femoral artery, such as in the groin, and up the aortic arch AA into the target common carotid artery CCA.

The distal sheath 605 can have a stepped or other configuration having a reduced diameter insertion region or distal region 630, as shown in FIG. 6B, which shows an enlarged view of the distal region 630 of the sheath 605. The distal region 630 of the sheath can be sized for insertion into the carotid artery, typically having an inner diameter in the range from 2.16 mm (0.085 inch) to 2.92 mm (0.115 inch) with the remaining proximal region of the sheath having larger outside and luminal diameters, with the inner diameter typically being in the range from 2.794 mm (0.110 inch) to 3.43 mm (0.135 inch). The larger luminal diameter of the proximal region minimizes the overall flow resistance of the sheath. In an embodiment, the reduced-diameter distal section 630 has a length of approximately 2 cm to 4 cm. The relatively short length of the reduced-diameter distal section 630 permits this section to be positioned in the common carotid artery CCA via the transcervical approach with reduced risk that the distal end of the sheath 605 will contact the bifurcation B. Moreover, the reduced diameter section 630 also permits a reduction in size of the arteriotomy for introducing the sheath 605 into the artery while having a minimal impact in the level of flow resistance.

With reference again to FIG. 6A, the proximal extension 610 has an inner lumen which is contiguous with an inner lumen of the sheath 605. The lumens can be joined by the Y-connector 620 which also connects a lumen of the flow line 615 to the sheath. In the assembled system, the flow line 615 connects to and forms a first leg of the retrograde shunt 120 (FIG. 1 ). The proximal extension 610 can have a length sufficient to space the hemostasis valve 625 well away from the Y-connector 620, which is adjacent to the percutaneous or surgical insertion site. By spacing the hemostasis valve 625 away from a percutaneous insertion site, the physician can introduce a stent delivery system or other working catheter into the proximal extension 610 and sheath 605 while staying out of the fluoroscopic field when fluoroscopy is being performed.

A flush line 635 can be connected to the side of the hemostasis valve 625 and can have a stopcock 640 at its proximal or remote end. The flush-line 635 allows for the introduction of saline, contrast fluid, or the like, during the procedures. The flush line 635 can also allow pressure monitoring during the procedure. A dilator 645 having a tapered distal end 650 can be provided to facilitate introduction of the distal sheath 605 into the common carotid artery. The dilator 645 can be introduced through the hemostasis valve 625 so that the tapered distal end 650 extends through the distal end of the sheath 605, as best seen in FIG. 7A. The dilator 645 can have a central lumen to accommodate a guide wire. Typically, the guide wire is placed first into the vessel, and the dilator/sheath combination travels over the guide wire as it is being introduced into the vessel.

Optionally, a tube 705 may be provided which is coaxially received over the exterior of the distal sheath 605, also as seen in FIG. 7A. The tube 705 has a flared proximal end 710 which engages the adapter 620 and a distal end 715. Optionally, the distal end 715 may be beveled, as shown in FIG. 7B. The tube 705 may serve at least two purposes. First, the length of the tube 705 limits the introduction of the sheath 605 to the exposed distal portion of the sheath 605, as seen in FIG. 7A. Second, the tube 705 can engage a pre-deployed puncture closure device disposed in the carotid artery wall, if present, to permit the sheath 605 to be withdrawn without dislodging the closure device.

In an embodiment, the sheath 605 includes a retention feature that is adapted to retain the sheath within a blood vessel (such as the common carotid artery) into which the sheath 605 has been inserted. The retention features reduces the likelihood that the sheath 605 will be inadvertently pulled out of the blood vessel. In this regard, the retention feature interacts with the blood vessel to resist and/or eliminate undesired pull-out. In addition, the retention feature may also include additional elements that interact with the vessel wall to prevent the sheath from entering too far into the vessel. The retention feature may also include sealing elements which help seal the sheath against arterial blood pressure at the puncture site.

The distal sheath 605 can be configured to establish a curved transition from a generally anterior-posterior approach over the common carotid artery to a generally axial luminal direction within the common carotid artery. The transition in direction is particularly useful when a percutaneous access is provided through the common carotid wall. While an open surgical access may allow for some distance in which to angle a straight sheath into the lumen of the common carotid artery, percutaneous access will generally be in a normal or perpendicular direction relative to the access of the lumen, and in such cases, a sheath that can flex or turn at an angle will find great use.

The sheath 605 can be formed in a variety of ways. For example, the sheath 605 can be pre-shaped to have a curve or an angle some set distance from the tip, typically 2 to 3 cm. The pre-shaped curve or angle can typically provide for a turn in the range from 20° to 90°, preferably from 30° to 70°. For initial introduction, the sheath 605 can be straightened with an obturator or other straight or shaped instrument such as the dilator 645 placed into its lumen. After the sheath 605 has been at least partially introduced through the percutaneous or other arterial wall penetration, the obturator can be withdrawn to allow the sheath 605 to reassume its pre-shaped configuration into the arterial lumen.

Other sheath configurations include having a deflection mechanism such that the sheath can be placed and the catheter can be deflected in situ to the desired deployment angle. In still other configurations, the catheter has a non-rigid configuration when placed into the lumen of the common carotid artery. Once in place, a pull wire or other stiffening mechanism can be deployed in order to shape and stiffen the sheath into its desired configuration. One particular example of such a mechanism is commonly known as “shape-lock” mechanisms as well described in medical and patent literature.

Another sheath configuration comprises a curved dilator inserted into a straight but flexible sheath, so that the dilator and sheath are curved during insertion. The sheath is flexible enough to conform to the anatomy after dilator removal.

In an embodiment, the sheath has built-in puncturing capability and atraumatic tip analogous to a guide wire tip. This eliminates the need for needle and wire exchange currently used for arterial access according to the micropuncture technique, and can thus save time, reduce blood loss, and require less surgeon skill.

FIG. 8A shows another embodiment of the arterial access device 110. This embodiment is substantially the same as the embodiment shown in FIG. 6A, except that the distal sheath 605 includes an occlusion element 129 for occluding flow through, for example the common carotid artery. If the occluding element 129 is an inflatable structure such as a balloon or the like, the sheath 605 can include an inflation lumen that communicates with the occlusion element 129. The occlusion element 129 can be an inflatable balloon, but it could also be an inflatable cuff, a conical or other circumferential element which flares outwardly to engage the interior wall of the common carotid artery to block flow therepast, a membrane-covered braid, a slotted tube that radially enlarges when axially compressed, or similar structure which can be deployed by mechanical means, or the like. In the case of balloon occlusion, the balloon can be compliant, non-compliant, elastomeric, reinforced, or have a variety of other characteristics. In an embodiment, the balloon is an elastomeric balloon which is closely received over the exterior of the distal end of the sheath prior to inflation. When inflated, the elastomeric balloon can expand and conform to the inner wall of the common carotid artery. In an embodiment, the elastomeric balloon is able to expand to a diameter at least twice that of the non-deployed configuration, frequently being able to be deployed to a diameter at least three times that of the undeployed configuration, more preferably being at least four times that of the undeployed configuration, or larger.

As shown in FIG. 8B, the distal sheath 605 with the occlusion element 129 can have a stepped or other configuration having a reduced diameter distal region 630. The distal region 630 can be sized for insertion into the carotid artery with the remaining proximal region of the sheath 605 having larger outside and luminal diameters, with the inner diameter typically being in the range from 2.794 mm (0.110 inch) to 3.43 mm (0.135 inch). The larger luminal diameter of the proximal region minimizes the overall flow resistance of the sheath. In an embodiment, the reduced-diameter distal section 630 has a length of approximately 2 cm to 4 cm. The relatively short length of the reduced-diameter distal section 630 permits this section to be positioned in the common carotid artery CCA via the transcervical approach with reduced risk that the distal end of the sheath 605 will contact the bifurcation B.

FIG. 2B shows an alternative embodiment, wherein the occlusion element 129 can be introduced into the carotid artery on a second sheath 112 separate from the distal sheath 605 of the arterial access device 110. The second or “proximal” sheath 112 can be adapted for insertion into the common carotid artery in a proximal or “downward” direction away from the cerebral vasculature. The second, proximal sheath can include an inflatable balloon 129 or other occlusion element, generally as described above. The distal sheath 605 of the arterial access device 110 can be then placed into the common carotid artery distal of the second, proximal sheath and generally oriented in a distal direction toward the cerebral vasculature. By using separate occlusion and access sheaths, the size of the arteriotomy needed for introducing the access sheath can be reduced.

FIG. 2C shows yet another embodiment of a two arterial sheath system, wherein the interventional devices are introduced via an introducer sheath 114 separate from the distal sheath 605 of the arterial device 110. A second or “distal” sheath 114 can be adapted for insertion into the common carotid artery distal to the arterial access device 110. As with the previous embodiment, the use of two separate access sheaths allows the size of each arteriotomy to be reduced.

Venous Return Device

Referring now to FIG. 9 , the venous return device 115 can comprise a distal sheath 910 and a flow line 915, which connects to and forms a leg of the shunt 120 when the system is in use. The distal sheath 910 is adapted to be introduced through an incision or puncture into a venous return location, such as the jugular vein or femoral vein. The distal sheath 910 and flow line 915 can be permanently affixed, or can be attached using a conventional luer fitting, as shown in FIG. 9 . Optionally, as shown in FIG. 10 , the sheath 910 can be joined to the flow line 915 by a Y-connector 1005. The Y-connector 1005 can include a hemostasis valve 1010, permitting insertion of a dilator 1015 to facilitate introduction of the venous return device into the internal jugular vein or other vein. As with the arterial access dilator 645, the venous dilator 1015 includes a central guide wire lumen so the venous sheath and dilator combination can be placed over a guide wire. Optionally, the venous sheath 910 can include a flush line 1020 with a stopcock 1025 at its proximal or remote end.

In order to reduce the overall system flow resistance, the arterial access flow line 615 (FIG. 6A) and the venous return flow line 915, and Y-connectors 620 (FIG. 6A) and 1005, can each have a relatively large flow lumen inner diameter, typically being in the range from 2.54 mm (0.100 inch) to 5.08 mm (0.200 inch), and a relatively short length, typically being in the range from 10 cm to 20 cm. The low system flow resistance is desirable since it permits the flow to be maximized during portions of a procedure when the risk of emboli is at its greatest. The low system flow resistance also allows the use of a variable flow resistance for controlling flow in the system, as described in more detail below. The dimensions of the venous return sheath 910 can be generally the same as those described for the arterial access sheath 605 above. In the venous return sheath, an extension for the hemostasis valve 1010 is not required.

Retrograde Shunt

The shunt 120 can be formed of a single tube or multiple, connected tubes that provide fluid communication between the arterial access catheter 110 and the venous return catheter 115 to provide a pathway for retrograde blood flow therebetween. As shown in FIG. 1A, the shunt 120 connects at one end (via connector 127 a) to the flow line 615 of the arterial access device 110, and at an opposite end (via connector 127 b) to the flow line 915 of the venous return catheter 115.

In an embodiment, the shunt 120 can be formed of at least one tube that communicates with the flow control assembly 125. The shunt 120 can be any structure that provides a fluid pathway for blood flow. The shunt 120 can have a single lumen or it can have multiple lumens. The shunt 120 can be removably attached to the flow control assembly 125, arterial access device 110, and/or venous return device 115. Prior to use, the user can select a shunt 120 with a length that is most appropriate for use with the arterial access location and venous return location. In an embodiment, the shunt 120 can include one or more extension tubes that can be used to vary the length of the shunt 120. The extension tubes can be modularly attached to the shunt 120 to achieve a desired length. The modular aspect of the shunt 120 permits the user to lengthen the shunt 120 as needed depending on the site of venous return. For example, in some patients, the internal jugular vein IJV is small and/or tortuous. The risk of complications at this site may be higher than at some other locations, due to proximity to other anatomic structures. In addition, hematoma in the neck may lead to airway obstruction and/or cerebral vascular complications. Consequently, for such patients it may be desirable to locate the venous return site at a location other than the internal jugular vein IJV, such as the femoral vein. A femoral vein return site may be accomplished percutaneously, with lower risk of serious complication, and also offers an alternative venous access to the central vein if the internal jugular vein IJV is not available. Furthermore, the femoral venous return changes the layout of the reverse flow shunt such that the shunt controls may be located closer to the “working area” of the intervention, where the devices are being introduced and the contrast injection port is located.

In an embodiment, the shunt 120 has an internal diameter of 4.76 mm ( 3/16 inch) and has a length of 40-70 cm. As mentioned, the length of the shunt can be adjusted.

Flow Control Assembly—Regulation and Monitoring of Retrograde Flow

The flow control assembly 125 interacts with the retrograde shunt 120 to regulate and/or monitor the retrograde flow rate from the common carotid artery to the venous return site, such as the internal jugular vein, or to the external receptacle 130. In this regard, the flow control assembly 125 enables the user to achieve higher maximum flow rates than existing systems and to also selectively adjust, set, or otherwise modulate the retrograde flow rate. Various mechanisms can be used to regulate the retrograde flow rate, as described more fully below. The flow control assembly 125 enables the user to configure retrograde blood flow in a manner that is suited for various treatment regimens, as described below.

In general, the ability to control the continuous retrograde flow rate allows the physician to adjust the protocol for individual patients and stages of the procedure. The retrograde blood flow rate will typically be controlled over a range from a low rate to a high rate. The high rate can be at least two fold higher than the low rate, typically being at least three fold higher than the low rate, and often being at least five fold higher than the low rate, or even higher. In an embodiment, the high rate is at least three fold higher than the low rate and in another embodiment the high rate is at least six fold higher than the low rate. While it is generally desirable to have a high retrograde blood flow rate to maximize the extraction of emboli from the carotid arteries, the ability of patients to tolerate retrograde blood flow will vary. Thus, by having a system and protocol which allows the retrograde blood flow rate to be easily modulated, the treating physician can determine when the flow rate exceeds the tolerable level for that patient and set the reverse flow rate accordingly. For patients who cannot tolerate continuous high reverse flow rates, the physician can chose to turn on high flow only for brief, critical portions of the procedure when the risk of embolic debris is highest. At short intervals, for example between 15 seconds and 1 minute, patient tolerance limitations are usually not a factor.

In specific embodiments, the continuous retrograde blood flow rate can be controlled at a base line flow rate in the range from 10 ml/min to 200 ml/min, typically from 20 ml/min to 100 ml/min. These flow rates will be tolerable to the majority of patients. Although flow rate is maintained at the base line flow rate during most of the procedure, at times when the risk of emboli release is increased, the flow rate can be increased above the base line for a short duration in order to improve the ability to capture such emboli. For example, the retrograde blood flow rate can be increased above the base line when the stent catheter is being introduced, when the stent is being deployed, pre- and post-dilatation of the stent, removal of the common carotid artery occlusion, and the like.

The flow rate control system can be cycled between a relatively low flow rate and a relatively high flow rate in order to “flush” the carotid arteries in the region of the carotid bifurcation prior to reestablishing antegrade flow. Such cycling can be established with a high flow rate which can be approximately two to six fold greater than the low flow rate, typically being about three fold greater. The cycles can typically have a length in the range from 0.5 seconds to 10 seconds, usually from 2 seconds to 5 seconds, with the total duration of the cycling being in the range from 5 seconds to 60 seconds, usually from 10 seconds to 30 seconds.

FIG. 11 shows an example of the system 100 with a schematic representation of the flow control assembly 125, which is positioned along the shunt 120 such that retrograde blood flow passes through or otherwise communicates with at least a portion of the flow control assembly 125. The flow control assembly 125 can include various controllable mechanisms for regulating and/or monitoring retrograde flow. The mechanisms can include various means of controlling the retrograde flow, including one or more pumps 1110, valves 1115, syringes 1120 and/or a variable resistance component 1125. The flow control assembly 125 can be manually controlled by a user and/or automatically controlled via a controller 1130 to vary the flow through the shunt 120. For example, varying the flow resistance, the rate of retrograde blood flow through the shunt 120 can be controlled. The controller 1130, which is described in more detail below, can be integrated into the flow control assembly 125 or it can be a separate component that communicates with the components of the flow control assembly 125.

In addition, the flow control assembly 125 can include one or more flow sensors 1135 and/or anatomical data sensors 1140 (described in detail below) for sensing one or more aspects of the retrograde flow. A filter 1145 can be positioned along the shunt 120 for removing emboli before the blood is returned to the venous return site. When the filter 1145 is positioned upstream of the controller 1130, the filter 1145 can prevent emboli from entering the controller 1145 and potentially clogging the variable flow resistance component 1125. It should be appreciated that the various components of the flow control assembly 125 (including the pump 1110, valves 1115, syringes 1120, variable resistance component 1125, sensors 1135/1140, and filter 1145) can be positioned at various locations along the shunt 120 and at various upstream or downstream locations relative to one another. The components of the flow control assembly 125 are not limited to the locations shown in FIG. 11 . Moreover, the flow control assembly 125 does not necessarily include all of the components but can rather include various sub-combinations of the components. For example, a syringe could optionally be used within the flow control assembly 125 for purposes of regulating flow or it could be used outside of the assembly for purposes other than flow regulation, such as to introduce fluid such as radiopaque contrast into the artery in an antegrade direction via the shunt 120.

Both the variable resistance component 1125 and the pump 1110 can be coupled to the shunt 120 to control the retrograde flow rate. The variable resistance component 1125 controls the flow resistance, while the pump 1110 provides for positive displacement of the blood through the shunt 120. Thus, the pump can be activated to drive the retrograde flow rather than relying on the perfusion stump pressures of the ECA and ICA and the venous back pressure to drive the retrograde flow. The pump 1110 can be a peristaltic tube pump or any type of pump including a positive displacement pump. The pump 1110 can be activated and deactivated (either manually or automatically via the controller 1130) to selectively achieve blood displacement through the shunt 120 and to control the flow rate through the shunt 120. Displacement of the blood through the shunt 120 can also be achieved in other manners including using the aspiration syringe 1120, or a suction source such as a vacutainer, vaculock syringe, or wall suction may be used. The pump 1110 can communicate with the controller 1130.

One or more flow control valves 1115 can be positioned along the pathway of the shunt. The valve(s) can be manually actuated or automatically actuated (via the controller 1130). The flow control valves 1115 can be, for example one-way valves to prevent flow in the antegrade direction in the shunt 120, check valves, or high pressure valves which would close off the shunt 120, for example during high-pressure contrast injections (which are intended to enter the arterial vasculature in an antegrade direction).

The controller 1130 communicates with components of the system 100 including the flow control assembly 125 to enable manual and/or automatic regulation and/or monitoring of the retrograde flow through the components of the system 100 (including, for example, the shunt 120, the arterial access device 110, the venous return device 115 and the flow control assembly 125). For example, a user can actuate one or more actuators on the controller 1130 to manually control the components of the flow control assembly 125. Manual controls can include switches or dials or similar components located directly on the controller 1130 or components located remote from the controller 1130 such as a foot pedal or similar device. The controller 1130 can also automatically control the components of the system 100 without requiring input from the user. In an embodiment, the user can program software in the controller 1130 to enable such automatic control. The controller 1130 can control actuation of the mechanical portions of the flow control assembly 125. The controller 1130 can include circuitry or programming that interprets signals generated by sensors 1135/1140 such that the controller 1130 can control actuation of the flow control assembly 125 in response to such signals generated by the sensors.

The representation of the controller 1130 in FIG. 11 is merely exemplary. It should be appreciated that the controller 1130 can vary in appearance and structure. The controller 1130 is shown in FIG. 11 as being integrated in a single housing. This permits the user to control the flow control assembly 125 from a single location. It should be appreciated that any of the components of the controller 1130 can be separated into separate housings. Further, FIG. 11 shows the controller 1130 and flow control assembly 125 as separate housings. It should be appreciated that the controller 1130 and flow control regulator 125 can be integrated into a single housing or can be divided into multiple housings or components.

Flow State Indicator(s)

The controller 1130 can include one or more indicators that provides a visual and/or audio signal to the user regarding the state of the retrograde flow. An audio indication advantageously reminds the user of a flow state without requiring the user to visually check the flow controller 1130. The indicator(s) can include a speaker 1150 and/or a light 1155 or any other means for communicating the state of retrograde flow to the user. The controller 1130 can communicate with one or more sensors of the system to control activation of the indicator. Or, activation of the indicator can be tied directly to the user actuating one of the flow control actuators 1165. The indicator need not be a speaker or a light. The indicator could simply be a button or switch that visually indicates the state of the retrograde flow. For example, the button being in a certain state (such as a pressed or down state) may be a visual indication that the retrograde flow is in a high state. Or, a switch or dial pointing toward a particular labeled flow state may be a visual indication that the retrograde flow is in the labeled state.

The indicator can provide a signal indicative of one or more states of the retrograde flow. In an embodiment, the indicator identifies only two discrete states: a state of “high” flow rate and a state of “low” flow rate. In another embodiment, the indicator identifies more than two flow rates, including a “high” flow rate, a “medium” flow rate, and a “low” rate. The indicator can be configured to identify any quantity of discrete states of the retrograde flow or it can identify a graduated signal that corresponds to the state of the retrograde flow. In this regard, the indicator can be a digital or analog meter 1160 that indicates a value of the retrograde flow rate, such as in ml/min or any other units.

In an embodiment, the indicator is configured to indicate to the user whether the retrograde flow rate is in a state of “high” flow rate or a “low” flow rate. For example, the indicator may illuminate in a first manner (e.g., level of brightness) and/or emit a first audio signal when the flow rate is high and then change to a second manner of illumination and/or emit a second audio signal when the flow rate is low. Or, the indicator may illuminate and/or emit an audio signal only when the flow rate is high, or only when the flow rate is low. Given that some patients may be intolerant of a high flow rate or intolerant of a high flow rate beyond an extended period of time, it can be desirable that the indicator provide notification to the user when the flow rate is in the high state. This would serve as a fail safe feature.

In another embodiment, the indicator provides a signal (audio and/or visual) when the flow rate changes state, such as when the flow rate changes from high to low and/or vice-versa. In another embodiment, the indicator provides a signal when no retrograde flow is present, such as when the shunt 120 is blocked or one of the stopcocks in the shunt 120 is closed.

Flow Rate Actuators

The controller 1130 can include one or more actuators that the user can press, switch, manipulate, or otherwise actuate to regulate the retrograde flow rate and/or to monitor the flow rate. For example, the controller 1130 can include a flow control actuator 1165 (such as one or more buttons, knobs, dials, switches, etc.) that the user can actuate to cause the controller to selectively vary an aspect of the reverse flow. For example, in the illustrated embodiment, the flow control actuator 1165 is a knob that can be turned to various discrete positions each of which corresponds to the controller 1130 causing the system 100 to achieve a particular retrograde flow state. The states include, for example, (a) OFF; (b) LO-FLOW; (c) HI-FLOW; and (d) ASPIRATE. It should be appreciated that the foregoing states are merely exemplary and that different states or combinations of states can be used. The controller 1130 achieves the various retrograde flow states by interacting with one or more components of the system, including the sensor(s), valve(s), variable resistance component, and/or pump(s). It should be appreciated that the controller 1130 can also include circuitry and software that regulates the retrograde flow rate and/or monitors the flow rate such that the user wouldn't need to actively actuate the controller 1130.

The OFF state corresponds to a state where there is no retrograde blood flow through the shunt 120. When the user sets the flow control actuator 1165 to OFF, the controller 1130 causes the retrograde flow to cease, such as by shutting off valves or closing a stop cock in the shunt 120. The LO-FLOW and HI-FLOW states correspond to a low retrograde flow rate and a high retrograde flow rate, respectively. When the user sets the flow control actuator 1165 to LO-FLOW or HI-FLOW, the controller 1130 interacts with components of the flow control regulator 125 including pump(s) 1110, valve(s) 1115 and/or variable resistance component 1125 to increase or decrease the flow rate accordingly. Finally, the ASPIRATE state corresponds to opening the circuit to a suction source, for example a vacutainer or suction unit, if active retrograde flow is desired.

The system can be used to vary the blood flow between various states including an active state, a passive state, an aspiration state, and an off state. The active state corresponds to the system using a means that actively drives retrograde blood flow. Such active means can include, for example, a pump, syringe, vacuum source, etc. The passive state corresponds to when retrograde blood flow is driven by the perfusion stump pressures of the ECA and ICA and possibly the venous pressure. The aspiration state corresponds to the system using a suction source, for example a vacutainer or suction unit, to drive retrograde blood flow. The off state corresponds to the system having zero retrograde blood flow such as the result of closing a stopcock or valve. The low and high flow rates can be either passive or active flow states. In an embodiment, the particular value (such as in ml/min) of either the low flow rate and/or the high flow rate can be predetermined and/or pre-programmed into the controller such that the user does not actually set or input the value. Rather, the user simply selects “high flow” and/or “low flow” (such as by pressing an actuator such as a button on the controller 1130) and the controller 1130 interacts with one or more of the components of the flow control assembly 125 to cause the flow rate to achieve the predetermined high or low flow rate value. In another embodiment, the user sets or inputs a value for low flow rate and/or high flow rate such as into the controller. In another embodiment, the low flow rate and/or high flow rate is not actually set. Rather, external data (such as data from the anatomical data sensor 1140) is used as the basis for affects the flow rate.

The flow control actuator 1165 can be multiple actuators, for example one actuator, such as a button or switch, to switch state from LO-FLOW to HI-FLOW and another to close the flow loop to OFF, for example during a contrast injection where the contrast is directed antegrade into the carotid artery. In an embodiment, the flow control actuator 1165 can include multiple actuators. For example, one actuator can be operated to switch flow rate from low to high, another actuator can be operated to temporarily stop flow, and a third actuator (such as a stopcock) can be operated for aspiration using a syringe. In another example, one actuator is operated to switch to LO-FLOW and another actuator is operated to switch to HI-FLOW. Or, the flow control actuator 1165 can include multiple actuators to switch states from LO-FLOW to HI-FLOW and additional actuators for fine-tuning flow rate within the high flow state and low flow state. Upon switching between LO-FLOW and HI-FLOW, these additional actuators can be used to fine-tune the flow rates within those states. Thus, it should be appreciated that within each state (i.e. high flow state and low flow states) a variety of flow rates can be dialed in and fine-tuned. A wide variety of actuators can be used to achieve control over the state of flow.

The controller 1130 or individual components of the controller 1130 can be located at various positions relative to the patient and/or relative to the other components of the system 100. For example, the flow control actuator 1165 can be located near the hemostasis valve where any interventional tools are introduced into the patient in order to facilitate access to the flow control actuator 1165 during introduction of the tools. The location may vary, for example, based on whether a transfemoral or a transcervical approach is used, as shown in FIGS. 1A-C. The controller 1130 can have a wireless connection to the remainder of the system 100 and/or a wired connection of adjustable length to permit remote control of the system 100. The controller 1130 can have a wireless connection with the flow control regulator 125 and/or a wired connection of adjustable length to permit remote control of the flow control regulator 125. The controller 1130 can also be integrated in the flow control regulator 125. Where the controller 1130 is mechanically connected to the components of the flow control assembly 125, a tether with mechanical actuation capabilities can connect the controller 1130 to one or more of the components. In an embodiment, the controller 1130 can be positioned a sufficient distance from the system 100 to permit positioning the controller 1130 outside of a radiation field when fluoroscopy is in use.

The controller 1130 and any of its components can interact with other components of the system (such as the pump(s), sensor(s), shunt, etc) in various manners. For example, any of a variety of mechanical connections can be used to enable communication between the controller 1130 and the system components. Alternately, the controller 1130 can communicate electronically or magnetically with the system components. Electro-mechanical connections can also be used. The controller 1130 can be equipped with control software that enables the controller to implement control functions with the system components. The controller itself can be a mechanical, electrical or electro-mechanical device. The controller can be mechanically, pneumatically, or hydraulically actuated or electromechanically actuated (for example in the case of solenoid actuation of flow control state). The controller 1130 can include a computer, computer processor, and memory, as well as data storage capabilities.

Sensor(s)

As mentioned, the flow control assembly 125 can include or interact with one or more sensors, which communicate with the system 100 and/or communicate with the patient's anatomy. Each of the sensors can be adapted to respond to a physical stimulus (including, for example, heat, light, sound, pressure, magnetism, motion, etc.) and to transmit a resulting signal for measurement or display or for operating the controller 1130. In an embodiment, the flow sensor 1135 interacts with the shunt 120 to sense an aspect of the flow through the shunt 120, such as flow velocity or volumetric rate of blood flow. The flow sensor 1135 could be directly coupled to a display that directly displays the value of the volumetric flow rate or the flow velocity. Or the flow sensor 1135 could feed data to the controller 1130 for display of the volumetric flow rate or the flow velocity.

The type of flow sensor 1135 can vary. The flow sensor 1135 can be a mechanical device, such as a paddle wheel, flapper valve, rolling ball, or any mechanical component that responds to the flow through the shunt 120. Movement of the mechanical device in response to flow through the shunt 120 can serve as a visual indication of fluid flow and can also be calibrated to a scale as a visual indication of fluid flow rate. The mechanical device can be coupled to an electrical component. For example, a paddle wheel can be positioned in the shunt 120 such that fluid flow causes the paddle wheel to rotate, with greater rate of fluid flow causing a greater speed of rotation of the paddle wheel. The paddle wheel can be coupled magnetically to a Hall-effect sensor to detect the speed of rotation, which is indicative of the fluid flow rate through the shunt 120.

In an embodiment, the flow sensor 1135 is an ultrasonic or electromagnetic flow meter, which allows for blood flow measurement without contacting the blood through the wall of the shunt 120. An ultrasonic or electromagnetic flow meter can be configured such that it does not have to contact the internal lumen of the shunt 120. In an embodiment, the flow sensor 1135 at least partially includes a Doppler flow meter, such as a Transonic flow meter, that measures fluid flow through the shunt 120. It should be appreciated that any of a wide variety of sensor types can be used including an ultrasound flow meter and transducer. Moreover, the system can include multiple sensors.

The system 100 is not limited to using a flow sensor 1135 that is positioned in the shunt 120 or a sensor that interacts with the venous return device 115 or the arterial access device 110. For example, an anatomical data sensor 1140 can communicate with or otherwise interact with the patient's anatomy such as the patient's neurological anatomy. In this manner, the anatomical data sensor 1140 can sense a measurable anatomical aspect that is directly or indirectly related to the rate of retrograde flow from the carotid artery. For example, the anatomical data sensor 1140 can measure blood flow conditions in the brain, for example the flow velocity in the middle cerebral artery, and communicate such conditions to a display and/or to the controller 1130 for adjustment of the retrograde flow rate based on predetermined criteria. In an embodiment, the anatomical data sensor 1140 comprises a transcranial Doppler ultrasonography (TCD), which is an ultrasound test that uses reflected sound waves to evaluate blood as it flows through the brain. Use of TCD results in a TCD signal that can be communicated to the controller 1130 for controlling the retrograde flow rate to achieve or maintain a desired TCD profile. The anatomical data sensor 1140 can be based on any physiological measurement, including reverse flow rate, blood flow through the middle cerebral artery, TCD signals of embolic particles, or other neuromonitoring signals.

In an embodiment, the system 100 comprises a closed-loop control system. In the closed-loop control system, one or more of the sensors (such as the flow sensor 1135 or the anatomical data sensor 1140) senses or monitors a predetermined aspect of the system 100 or the anatomy (such as, for example, reverse flow rate and/or neuromonitoring signal). The sensor(s) feed relevant data to the controller 1130, which continuously adjusts an aspect of the system as necessary to maintain a desired retrograde flow rate. The sensors communicate feedback on how the system 100 is operating to the controller 1130 so that the controller 1130 can translate that data and actuate the components of the flow control regulator 125 to dynamically compensate for disturbances to the retrograde flow rate. For example, the controller 1130 may include software that causes the controller 1130 to signal the components of the flow control assembly 125 to adjust the flow rate such that the flow rate is maintained at a constant state despite differing blood pressures from the patient. In this embodiment, the system 100 need not rely on the user to determine when, how long, and/or what value to set the reverse flow rate in either a high or low state. Rather, software in the controller 1130 can govern such factors. In the closed loop system, the controller 1130 can control the components of the flow control assembly 125 to establish the level or state of retrograde flow (either analog level or discreet state such as high, low, baseline, medium, etc.) based on the retrograde flow rate sensed by the sensor 1135.

In an embodiment, the anatomical data sensor 1140 (which measures a physiologic measurement in the patient) communicates a signal to the controller 1130, which adjusts the flow rate based on the signal. For example the physiological measurement may be based on flow velocity through the MCA, TCD signal, or some other cerebral vascular signal. In the case of the TCD signal, TCD may be used to monitor cerebral flow changes and to detect microemboli. The controller 1130 may adjust the flow rate to maintain the TCD signal within a desired profile. For example, the TCD signal may indicate the presence of microemboli (“TCD hits”) and the controller 1130 can adjust the retrograde flow rate to maintain the TCD hits below a threshold value of hits. (See, Ribo, et al., “Transcranial Doppler Monitoring of Transcervical Carotid Stenting with Flow Reversal Protection: A Novel Carotid Revascularization Technique”, Stroke 2006, 37, 2846-2849; Shekel, et al., “Experience of 500 Cases of Neurophysiological Monitoring in Carotid Endarterectomy”, Acta Neurochir, 2007, 149:681-689, which are incorporated by reference in their entirety.

In the case of the MCA flow, the controller 1130 can set the retrograde flow rate at the “maximum” flow rate that is tolerated by the patient, as assessed by perfusion to the brain. The controller 1130 can thus control the reverse flow rate to optimize the level of protection for the patient without relying on the user to intercede. In another embodiment, the feedback is based on a state of the devices in the system 100 or the interventional tools being used. For example, a sensor may notify the controller 1130 when the system 100 is in a high risk state, such as when an interventional catheter is positioned in the sheath 605. The controller 1130 then adjusts the flow rate to compensate for such a state.

The controller 1130 can be used to selectively augment the retrograde flow in a variety of manners. For example, it has been observed that greater reverse flow rates may cause a resultant greater drop in blood flow to the brain, most importantly the ipsilateral MCA, which may not be compensated enough with collateral flow from the Circle of Willis. Thus a higher reverse flow rate for an extended period of time may lead to conditions where the patient's brain is not getting enough blood flow, leading to patient intolerance as exhibited by neurologic symptoms. Studies show that MCA blood velocity less than 10 cm/sec is a threshold value below which patient is at risk for neurological blood deficit. There are other markers for monitoring adequate perfusion to the brains, such as EEG signals. However, a high flow rate may be tolerated even up to a complete stoppage of MCA flow for a short period, up to about 15 seconds to 1 minute.

Thus, the controller 1130 can optimize embolic debris capture by automatically increasing the reverse flow only during limited time periods which correspond to periods of heightened risk of emboli generation during a procedure. These periods of heightened risk include the period of time while an interventional device (such as a dilatation balloon for pre or post stenting dilatation or a stent delivery device) crosses the plaque P. Another period is during an interventional maneuver such as deployment of the stent or inflation and deflation of the balloon pre- or post-dilatation. A third period is during injection of contrast for angiographic imaging of treatment area. During lower risk periods, the controller can cause the reverse flow rate to revert to a lower, baseline level. This lower level may correspond to a low reverse flow rate in the ICA, or even slight antegrade flow in those patients with a high ECA to ICA perfusion pressure ratio.

In a flow regulation system where the user manually sets the state of flow, there is risk that the user may not pay attention to the state of retrograde flow (high or low) and accidentally keep the circuit on high flow. This may then lead to adverse patient reactions. In an embodiment, as a safety mechanism, the default flow rate is the low flow rate. This serves as a fail safe measure for patient's that are intolerant of a high flow rate. In this regard, the controller 1130 can be biased toward the default rate such that the controller causes the system to revert to the low flow rate after passage of a predetermined period of time of high flow rate. The bias toward low flow rate can be achieved via electronics or software, or it can be achieved using mechanical components, or a combination thereof. In an embodiment, the flow control actuator 1165 of the controller 1130 and/or valve(s) 1115 and/or pump(s) 1110 of the flow control regulator 125 are spring loaded toward a state that achieves a low flow rate. The controller 1130 is configured such that the user may over-ride the controller 1130 such as to manually cause the system to revert to a state of low flow rate if desired.

In another safety mechanism, the controller 1130 includes a timer 1170 (FIG. 11 ) that keeps time with respect to how long the flow rate has been at a high flow rate. The controller 1130 can be programmed to automatically cause the system 100 to revert to a low flow rate after a predetermined time period of high flow rate, for example after 15, 30, or 60 seconds or more of high flow rate. After the controller reverts to the low flow rate, the user can initiate another predetermined period of high flow rate as desired. Moreover, the user can override the controller 1130 to cause the system 100 to move to the low flow rate (or high flow rate) as desired.

In an exemplary procedure, embolic debris capture is optimized while not causing patient tolerance issues by initially setting the level of retrograde flow at a low rate, and then switching to a high rate for discreet periods of time during critical stages in the procedure. Alternately, the flow rate is initially set at a high rate, and then verifying patient tolerance to that level before proceeding with the rest of the procedure. If the patient shows signs of intolerance, the retrograde flow rate is lowered. Patient tolerance may be determined automatically by the controller based on feedback from the anatomical data sensor 1140 or it may be determined by a user based on patient observation. The adjustments to the retrograde flow rate may be performed automatically by the controller or manually by the user. Alternately, the user may monitor the flow velocity through the middle cerebral artery (MCA), for example using TCD, and then to set the maximum level of reverse flow which keeps the MCA flow velocity above the threshold level. In this situation, the entire procedure may be done without modifying the state of flow. Adjustments may be made as needed if the MCA flow velocity changes during the course of the procedure, or the patient exhibits neurologic symptoms.

Exemplary Mechanisms to Regulate Flow

The system 100 is adapted to regulate retrograde flow in a variety of manners. Any combination of the pump 1110, valve 1115, syringe 1120, and/or variable resistance component 1125 can be manually controlled by the user or automatically controlled via the controller 1130 to adjust the retrograde flow rate. Thus, the system 100 can regulate retrograde flow in various manners, including controlling an active flow component (e.g., pump, syringe, etc.), reducing the flow restriction, switching to an aspiration source (such as a pre-set VacLock syringe, Vacutainer, suction system, or the like), or any combination thereof.

In the situation of FIG. 1D where an external receptacle or reservoir is used, the retrograde flow may be augmented in various manners. The reservoir has a head height comprised of the height of the blood inside the reservoir and the height of the reservoir with respect to the patient. Reverse flow into the reservoir may be modulated by setting the reservoir height to increase or decrease the amount of pressure gradient from the CCA to the reservoir. In an embodiment, the reservoir is raised to increase the reservoir pressure to a pressure that is greater than venous pressure. Or, the reservoir can be positioned below the patient, such as down to a level of the floor, to lower the reservoir pressure to a pressure below venous or atmospheric pressure.

The variable flow resistance in shunt 120 may be provided in a wide variety of ways. In this regard, flow resistance component 1125 can cause a change in the size or shape of the shunt to vary flow conditions and thereby vary the flow rate. Or, the flow resistance component 1125 can re-route the blood flow through one or more alternate flow pathways in the shunt to vary the flow conditions. Some exemplary embodiments of the flow resistance component 1125 are now described.

As shown in FIGS. 12A, 12B, 12C, and 12D, in an embodiment the shunt 120 has an inflatable bladder 1205 formed along a portion of its interior lumen. As shown in FIGS. 12A and 12C, when the bladder 1205 is deflated, the inner lumen of the shunt 120 remains substantially unrestricted, providing for a low resistance flow. By inflating the bladder 1205, however, as shown in FIGS. 12B and 12D, the flow lumen can be greatly restricted, thus greatly increasing the flow resistance and reducing the flow rate of atrial blood to the venous vasculature. The controller 1130 can control inflation/deflation of the bladder 1205 or it can be controlled manually by the user.

Rather than using an inflatable internal bladder, as shown in FIGS. 12A-12D, the cross-sectional area of the lumen in the shunt 120 may be decreased by applying an external force, such as flattening the shunt 120 with a pair of opposed plates 1405, as shown in FIGS. 13A-13D. The opposed plates are adapted to move toward and away from one another with the shunt 120 positioned between the plates. When the plates 1405 are spaced apart, as shown in FIGS. 13A and 13C, the lumen of the shunt 120 remains unrestricted. When the plates 1405 are closed on the shunt 120, as shown in FIGS. 13B and 13D, in contrast, the plates 1405 constrict the shunt 120. In this manner, the lumen remaining in shunt 120 can be greatly decreased to increase flow resistance through the shunt. The controller 1130 can control movement of the plates 1405 or such movement can be controlled manually by the user.

Referring now to FIGS. 14A and 14B, the available cross-sectional area of the shunt 120 can also be restricted by axially elongating a portion 1505 of the shunt 120. Prior to axial elongation, the portion 1505 will be generally unchanged, providing a full luminal flow area in the portion 1505, as shown in FIG. 14A. By elongating the portion 1505, however, as shown in FIG. 14B, the internal luminal area of the shunt 120 in the portion 1505 can be significantly decreased and the length increased, both of which have the effect of increasing the flow resistance. When employing axial elongation to reduce the luminal area of shunt 120, it will be advantageous to employ a mesh or braid structure in the shunt at least in the portion 1505. The mesh or braid structure provides the shunt 120 with a pliable feature that facilitates axial elongation without breaking. The controller 1130 can control elongation of the shunt 120 or such it can be controlled manually by the user.

Referring now to FIGS. 15A-15D, instead of applying an external force to reduce the cross-sectional area of shunt 120, a portion of the shunt 120 can be made with a small diameter to begin with, as shown in FIGS. 15A and 15C. The shunt 120 passes through a chamber 1600 which is sealed at both ends. A vacuum is applied within the chamber 1600 exterior of the shunt 120 to cause a pressure gradient. The pressure gradient cause the shunt 120 to increase in size within the chamber 120, as shown in FIGS. 12B and 12D. The vacuum may be applied in a receptacle 1605 attached to a vacuum source 1610. Conversely, a similar system may be employed with a shunt 120 whose resting configuration is in the increased size. Pressure may be applied to the chamber to shrink or flatten the shunt to decrease the flow resistance. The controller 1130 can control the vacuum or it can be controlled manually by the user.

As yet another alternative, the flow resistance through shunt 120 may be changed by providing two or more alternative flow paths. As shown in FIG. 16A, the flow through shunt 120 passes through a main lumen 1700 as well as secondary lumen 1705. The secondary lumen 1705 is longer and/or has a smaller diameter than the main lumen 1700. Thus, the secondary lumen 1705 has higher flow resistance than the main lumen 1700. By passing the blood through both these lumens, the flow resistance will be at a minimum. Blood is able to flow through both lumens 1700 and 1705 due to the pressure drop created in the main lumen 1700 across the inlet and outlet of the secondary lumen 1705. This has the benefit of preventing stagnant blood. As shown in FIG. 16B, by blocking flow through the main lumen 1700 of shunt 120, the flow can be diverted entirely to the secondary lumen 1705, thus increasing the flow resistance and reducing the blood flow rate. It will be appreciated that additional flow lumens could also be provided in parallel to allow for a three, four, or more discrete flow resistances. The shunt 120 may be equipped with a valve 1710 that controls flow to the main lumen 1700 and the secondary lumen 1705 with the valve 1710 being controlled by the controller 1130 or being controlled manually by the user. The embodiment of FIGS. 16A and 16B has an advantage in that this embodiment in that it does not require as small of lumen sizes to achieve desired retrograde flow rates as some of the other embodiments of variable flow resistance mechanisms. This is a benefit in blood flow lines in that there is less chance of clogging and causing clots in larger lumen sizes than smaller lumen sizes.

The shunt 120 can also be arranged in a variety of coiled configurations which permit external compression to vary the flow resistance in a variety of ways. Arrangement of a portion of the shunt 120 in a coil contains a long section of the shunt in a relatively small area. This allows compression of a long length of the shunt 120 over a small space. As shown in FIGS. 17A and 17B, a portion of the shunt 120 is wound around a dowel 1805 to form a coiled region. The dowel 1805 has plates 1810 a and 1810 b which can move toward and away from each other in an axial direction. When plates 1810 a and 1810 b are moved away from each other, the coiled portion of the shunt 105 is uncompressed and flow resistance is at a minimum. The shunt 120 is large diameter, so when the shunt is non-compressed, the flow resistance is low, allowing a high-flow state. To down-regulate the flow, the two plates 1810 a and 1810 b are pushed together, compressing the coil of shunt 120. By moving the plates 1810 a and 1810 b together, as shown in FIG. 17B, the coiled portion of the shunt 120 is compressed to increase the flow resistance. The controller 1130 can control the plates or they can be controlled manually by the user.

A similar compression apparatus is shown in FIGS. 18A and 18B. In this configuration, the coiled shunt 120 is encased between two movable cylinder halves 1905 a and 1905 b. The halves 1905 a and 1905 b can slide along dowel pins 1910 to move toward and away from one another. When the cylinder halves 1905 are moved apart, the coiled shunt 120 is uncompressed and flow resistance is at a minimum. When the cylinder halves 1905 are brought together, the coiled shunt 120 is compressed circumferentially to increase flow resistance. The controller 1130 can control the halves 1905 or they can be controlled manually by the user.

As shown in FIGS. 19A through 19D, the shunt 120 may also be wound around an axially split mandrel 2010 having wedge elements 2015 on opposed ends. By axially translating wedge elements 2015 in and out of the split mandrel 2010, the split portions of the mandrel are opened and closed relative to one another, causing the coil of tubing to be stretched (when the mandrel portions 2010 are spread apart, FIG. 19C, 19D) or relaxed (when the mandrel portions 2010 are closed, FIG. 19A, 19B.) Thus, when the wedge elements 2015 are spaced apart, as shown in FIGS. 19A and 19B, the outward pressure on the shunt 120 is at a minimum and the flow resistance is also at a minimum. By driving the wedge elements 2015 inwardly, as shown in FIGS. 19C and 19D, the split mandrel halves 2020 are forced apart and the coil of shunt 120 is stretched. This has the dual effect of decreasing the cross sectional area of the shunt and lengthening the shunt in the coiled region, both of which lead to increased flow resistance.

FIGS. 20A and 20B show an embodiment of the variable resistance component 1125 that uses a dowel to vary the resistance to flow. A housing 2030 is inserted into a section of the shunt 120. The housing 2030 has an internal lumen 2035 that is contiguous with the internal lumen of the shunt 120. A dowel 2040 can move into and out of a portion of the internal lumen 2035. As shown in FIG. 20A, when the dowel 2040 is inserted into the internal lumen 2035, the internal lumen 2035 is annular with a cross-sectional area that is much smaller than the cross-sectional area of the internal lumen 2035 when the dowel is not present. Thus, flow resistance increases when the dowel 2040 is positioned in the internal lumen 2035. The annular internal lumen 2035 has a length S that can be varied by varying the portion of the dowel 2040 that is inserted into the lumen 2035. Thus, as more of the dowel 2040 is inserted, the length S of the annular lumen 2035 increases and vice-versa. This can be used to vary the level of flow resistance caused by the presence of the dowel 2040.

The dowel 2040 enters the internal lumen 2035 via a hemostasis valve in the housing 2030. A cap 2050 and an O-ring 2055 provide a sealing engagement that seals the housing 2030 and dowel 2040 against leakage. The cap 2050 may have a locking feature, such as threads, that can be used to lock the cap 2050 against the housing 2030 and to also fix the position of the dowel 2040 in the housing 2040. When the cap 2050 is locked or tightened, the cap 2050 exerts pressure against the O-ring 2055 to tighten it against the dowel 2040 in a sealed engagement. When the cap 2050 is unlocked or untightened, the dowel 2040 is free to move in and out of the housing 2030.

Exemplary Methods of Use

Referring now to FIGS. 21A-21E, flow through the carotid artery bifurcation at different stages of the methods of the present disclosure will be described. Initially, as shown in FIG. 21A, the distal sheath 605 of the arterial access device 110 is introduced into the common carotid artery CCA. As mentioned, entry into the common carotid artery CCA can be via a transcervical or transfemoral approach. After the sheath 605 of the arterial access device 110 has been introduced into the common carotid artery CCA, the blood flow will continue in antegrade direction AG with flow from the common carotid artery entering both the internal carotid artery ICA and the external carotid artery ECA, as shown in FIG. 21A.

The venous return device 115 is then inserted into a venous return site, such as the internal jugular vein IJV (not shown in FIGS. 21A-21E). The shunt 120 is used to connect the flow lines 615 and 915 of the arterial access device 110 and the venous return device 115, respectively (as shown in FIG. 1A). In this manner, the shunt 120 provides a passageway for retrograde flow from the atrial access device 110 to the venous return device 115. In another embodiment, the shunt 120 connects to an external receptacle 130 rather than to the venous return device 115, as shown in FIG. 1C.

Once all components of the system are in place and connected, flow through the common carotid artery CCA is stopped, typically using the occlusion element 129 as shown in FIG. 21B. The occlusion element 129 is expanded at a location proximal to the distal opening of the sheath 605 to occlude the CCA. Alternately, the tourniquet 2105 (FIG. 1A) or other external vessel occlusion device can be used to occlude the common carotid artery CCA to stop flow therethrough. In an alternative embodiment, the occlusion element 129 is introduced on second occlusion device 112 separate from the distal sheath 605 of the arterial access device 110, as shown in FIG. 2B. The ECA may also be occluded with a separate occlusion element, either on the same device 110 or on a separate occlusion device.

At that point retrograde flow RG from the external carotid artery ECA and internal carotid artery ICA will begin and will flow through the sheath 605, the flow line 615, the shunt 120, and into the venous return device 115 via the flow line 915. The flow control assembly 125 regulates the retrograde flow as described above. FIG. 21B shows the occurrence of retrograde flow RG. While the retrograde flow is maintained, a stent delivery catheter 2110 is introduced into the sheath 605, as shown in FIG. 21C. The stent delivery catheter 2110 is introduced into the sheath 605 through the hemostasis valve 615 and the proximal extension 610 (not shown in FIGS. 21A-21E) of the arterial access device 110. The stent delivery catheter 2110 is advanced into the internal carotid artery ICA and a stent 2115 deployed at the bifurcation B, as shown in FIG. 21D.

The rate of retrograde flow can be increased during periods of higher risk for emboli generation for example while the stent delivery catheter 2110 is being introduced and optionally while the stent 2115 is being deployed. The rate of retrograde flow can be increased also during placement and expansion of balloons for dilatation prior to or after stent deployment. An atherectomy can also be performed before stenting under retrograde flow.

Still further optionally, after the stent 2115 has been expanded, the bifurcation B can be flushed by cycling the retrograde flow between a low flow rate and high flow rate. The region within the carotid arteries where the stent has been deployed or other procedure performed may be flushed with blood prior to reestablishing normal blood flow. In particular, while the common carotid artery remains occluded, a balloon catheter or other occlusion element may be advanced into the internal carotid artery and deployed to fully occlude that artery. The same maneuver may also be used to perform a post-deployment stent dilatation, which is typically done currently in self-expanding stent procedures. Flow from the common carotid artery and into the external carotid artery may then be reestablished by temporarily opening the occluding means present in the artery. The resulting flow will thus be able to flush the common carotid artery which saw slow, turbulent, or stagnant flow during carotid artery occlusion into the external carotid artery. In addition, the same balloon may be positioned distally of the stent during reverse flow and forward flow then established by temporarily relieving occlusion of the common carotid artery and flushing. Thus, the flushing action occurs in the stented area to help remove loose or loosely adhering embolic debris in that region.

Optionally, while flow from the common carotid artery continues and the internal carotid artery remains blocked, measures can be taken to further loosen emboli from the treated region. For example, mechanical elements may be used to clean or remove loose or loosely attached plaque or other potentially embolic debris within the stent, thrombolytic or other fluid delivery catheters may be used to clean the area, or other procedures may be performed. For example, treatment of in-stent restenosis using balloons, atherectomy, or more stents can be performed under retrograde flow. In another example, the occlusion balloon catheter may include flow or aspiration lumens or channels which open proximal to the balloon. Saline, thrombolytics, or other fluids may be infused and/or blood and debris aspirated to or from the treated area without the need for an additional device. While the emboli thus released will flow into the external carotid artery, the external carotid artery is generally less sensitive to emboli release than the internal carotid artery. By prophylactically removing potential emboli which remain, when flow to the internal carotid artery is reestablished, the risk of emboli release is even further reduced. The emboli can also be released under retrograde flow so that the emboli flows through the shunt 120 to the venous system, a filter in the shunt 120, or the receptacle 130.

After the bifurcation has been cleared of emboli, the occlusion element 129 or alternately the tourniquet 2105 can be released, reestablishing antegrade flow, as shown in FIG. 21E. The sheath 605 can then be removed.

A self-closing element may be deployed about the penetration in the wall of the common carotid artery prior to withdrawing the sheath 605 at the end of the procedure. Usually, the self-closing element will be deployed at or near the beginning of the procedure, but optionally, the self-closing element could be deployed as the sheath is being withdrawn, often being released from a distal end of the sheath onto the wall of the common carotid artery. Use of the self-closing element is advantageous since it affects substantially the rapid closure of the penetration in the common carotid artery as the sheath is being withdrawn. Such rapid closure can reduce or eliminate unintended blood loss either at the end of the procedure or during accidental dislodgement of the sheath. In addition, such a self-closing element may reduce the risk of arterial wall dissection during access. Further, the self-closing element may be configured to exert a frictional or other retention force on the sheath during the procedure. Such a retention force is advantageous and can reduce the chance of accidentally dislodging the sheath during the procedure. A self-closing element eliminates the need for vascular surgical closure of the artery with suture after sheath removal, reducing the need for a large surgical field and greatly reducing the surgical skill required for the procedure.

The disclosed systems and methods may employ a wide variety of self-closing elements, typically being mechanical elements which include an anchor portion and a self-closing portion. The anchor portion may comprise hooks, pins, staples, clips, tine, suture, or the like, which are engaged in the exterior surface of the common carotid artery about the penetration to immobilize the self-closing element when the penetration is fully open. The self-closing element may also include a spring-like or other self-closing portion which, upon removal of the sheath, will close the anchor portion in order to draw the tissue in the arterial wall together to provide closure. Usually, the closure will be sufficient so that no further measures need be taken to close or seal the penetration. Optionally, however, it may be desirable to provide for supplemental sealing of the self-closing element after the sheath is withdrawn. For example, the self-closing element and/or the tissue tract in the region of the element can be treated with hemostatic materials, such as bioabsorbable polymers, collagen plugs, glues, sealants, clotting factors, or other clot-promoting agents. Alternatively, the tissue or self-closing element could be sealed using other sealing protocols, such as electrocautery, suturing, clipping, stapling, or the like. In another method, the self-closing element will be a self-sealing membrane or gasket material which is attached to the outer wall of the vessel with clips, glue, bands, or other means. The self-sealing membrane may have an inner opening such as a slit or cross cut, which would be normally closed against blood pressure. Any of these self-closing elements could be designed to be placed in an open surgical procedure, or deployed percutaneously.

In another embodiment, carotid artery stenting may be performed after the sheath is placed and an occlusion balloon catheter deployed in the external carotid artery. The stent having a side hole or other element intended to not block the ostium of the external carotid artery may be delivered through the sheath with a guidewire or a shaft of an external carotid artery occlusion balloon received through the side hole. Thus, as the stent is advanced, typically by a catheter being introduced over a guidewire which extends into the internal carotid artery, the presence of the catheter shaft in the side hole will ensure that the side hole becomes aligned with the ostium to the external carotid artery as the stent is being advanced. When an occlusion balloon is deployed in the external carotid artery, the side hole prevents trapping the external carotid artery occlusion balloon shaft with the stent which is a disadvantage of the other flow reversal systems. This approach also avoids “jailing” the external carotid artery, and if the stent is covered with a graft material, avoids blocking flow to the external carotid artery.

In another embodiment, stents are placed which have a shape which substantially conforms to any preexisting angle between the common carotid artery and the internal carotid artery. Due to significant variation in the anatomy among patients, the bifurcation between the internal carotid artery and the external carotid artery may have a wide variety of angles and shapes. By providing a family of stents having differing geometries, or by providing individual stents which may be shaped by the physician prior to deployment, the physician may choose a stent which matches the patient's particular anatomy prior to deployment. The patient's anatomy may be determined using angiography or by other conventional means. As a still further alternative, the stent may have sections of articulation. These stents may be placed first and then articulated in situ in order to match the angle of bifurcation between a common carotid artery and internal carotid artery. Stents may be placed in the carotid arteries, where the stents have a sidewall with different density zones.

In another embodiment, a stent may be placed where the stent is at least partly covered with a graft material at either or both ends. Generally, the stent will be free from graft material and the middle section of the stent which will be deployed adjacent to the ostium to the external carotid artery to allow blood flow from the common carotid artery into the external carotid artery.

In another embodiment, a stent delivery system can be optimized for transcervical access by making them shorter and/or more rigid than systems designed for transfemoral access. These changes will improve the ability to torque and position the stent accurately during deployment. In addition, the stent delivery system can be designed to align the stent with the ostium of the external carotid artery, either by using the external carotid occlusion balloon or a separate guide wire in the external carotid artery, which is especially useful with stents with sideholes or for stents with curves, bends, or angulation where orientation is critical. In an embodiment, a catheter of the stent delivery system has a working length that is particularly configured for insertion into the artery via a transcervical access location in the artery. In an exemplary embodiment, the working length is within the range of approximately 40-60 cm. In another embodiment, the working length is within the range of approximately 40-75 cm.

In certain embodiments, the shunt is fixedly connected to the arterial access sheath and the venous return sheath so that the entire assembly of the replaceable flow assembly and sheaths may be disposable and replaceable as a unit. In other instances, the flow control assembly may be removably attached to either or both of the sheaths.

In an embodiment, the user first determines whether any periods of heightened risk of emboli generation may exist during the procedure. As mentioned, some exemplary periods of heightened risk include (1) during periods when the plaque P is being crossed by a device; (2) during an interventional procedure, such as during delivery of a stent or during inflation or deflation of a balloon catheter or guidewire; (3) during injection or contrast. The foregoing are merely examples of periods of heightened risk. During such periods, the user sets the retrograde flow at a high rate for a discreet period of time. At the end of the high risk period, or if the patient exhibits any intolerance to the high flow rate, then the user reverts the flow state to baseline flow. If the system has a timer, the flow state automatically reverts to baseline flow after a set period of time. In this case, the user may re-set the flow state to high flow if the procedure is still in a period of heightened embolic risk.

In another embodiment, if the patient exhibits an intolerance to the presence of retrograde flow, then retrograde flow is established only during placement of a filter in the ICA distal to the plaque P. Retrograde flow is then ceased while an interventional procedure is performed on the plaque P. Retrograde flow is then re-established while the filter is removed. In another embodiment, a filter is places in the ICA distal of the plaque P and retrograde flow is established while the filter is in place. This embodiment combines the use of a distal filter with retrograde flow.

Interventional Catheters

FIG. 22 shows a schematic view of an exemplary interventional catheter 2205. The catheter 2205 has an external dimension that is sized and shaped for insertion into a blood vessel. In an embodiment, the catheter 2205 is sized and shaped for insertion into an access sheath of a carotid artery access system. The proximal region of the catheter 2205 may have one or more mechanical or electro-mechanical control mechanisms 2207 for controlling different components on or near a distal end of the catheter 2205. For example, the control mechanism(s) can be used to control inflation of a balloon or balloons, advancement/deployment of a system component (such as a stent), flushing or aspirating a fluid through the catheter, and combinations thereof. As used herein, the term “proximal” means closer to the user and the term “distal” means further from the user.

The interventional catheters described herein provide several advantages over prior systems. For example, the disclosed catheters can be used to reduce the number of device exchanges required to perform a carotid artery stenting (CAS) procedure. The catheters also permit flush, aspiration, and clearing of embolic debris to a higher degree than prior systems. Moreover, the disclosed catheters provide augmented embolic protection through the use of intermittent internal carotid artery occlusion during specific, critical points in a carotid artery treatment procedure. When the catheter is used in a retrograde flow embolic protection system as described above, flow restrictions in the retrograde flow circuit are decreased through use of the disclosed interventional catheters. The retrograde flow regimen can be optimized by communicating the timing of balloon deflation (which is a period of heightened risk for embolic debris release) to a retrograde flow controller. Furthermore, the interventional catheters used here are optimally sized for insertion through a transcervical access into the carotid artery. The length of these catheters may be up to half, or even shorter, than currently available catheters which are designed for a transfemoral access route. This shorter length makes the catheters much easier to manipulate, and makes catheter exchanges simpler and more rapid. In an exemplary embodiment, the working length of the catheter is within the range of approximately 40-60 cm. In another embodiment, the working length is within the range of approximately 40-75 cm.

Although the devices and methods described hereinafter are sometimes described in the context of treatment of the carotid artery (such as carotid artery stenting), it should be appreciated that the devices and methods described herein would also be useful for angioplasty, artherectomy, and any other interventional procedures which might be carried out in the carotid arterial system, particularly at a location near the bifurcation between the internal and external carotid arteries. In addition, it will be appreciated that some of the disclosed devices and methods can be used in other vascular interventional procedures.

Stent Delivery Device and Dilatation Balloon on Single System

FIG. 23 shows a cross-sectional view of the distal region of the catheter 2205, which includes an outer, stent constraint or containment member comprising an outer sheath 2305 having an internal lumen. A stent delivery shaft 2310 is coaxially positioned in the internal lumen with a stent 2312 mounted on the stent delivery shaft 2310. A tubing 2315 with an internal lumen is coaxially positioned inside the stent delivery shaft 2310. The lumen of the tubing 2315 allows passage of a guide wire through the stent delivery shaft 2310, as is typical in cardiovascular and vascular interventional procedures. A tip 2320 is positioned at the distal end of the stent delivery shaft 2310 such that the tip 2320 protrudes distally outside of the outer sheath 2305. The tubing 2315 extends through the tip 2320 to form an opening at the tip's distal edge. The tip 2320 can have any of a variety of shapes and can be atraumatic, tapered, etc.

The stent 2312 can be a self-expanding stent that is compressed on the distal end of the stent delivery shaft 2310 over a length of the stent delivery shaft 2310. The outer sheath 2305 covers the stent 2312 to maintain the stent 2312 in a low profile during access and delivery. The outer sheath 2305 is retractable relative to the stent delivery shaft 2310. During deployment of the stent 2312, the outer sheath 2305 is retracted to a position such that it no longer covers the stent 2312. The self-expanding stent 2312 can then spring open to position itself into the target treatment area. A control mechanism on the proximal end of the catheter 2205 can be used to retract the outer sheath 2305.

With reference still to FIG. 23 , a dilatation balloon 2325 is positioned under the compressed stent 2312. The balloon 2325 is continuous with the stent delivery shaft 2310. The balloon 2325 communicates with an inflation lumen comprised of the annular space between stent delivery shaft 2310 and the tubing 2315. The inflation lumen is used to inflate the balloon 2325 at a desired time during the procedure. After the stent 2312 is deployed, the position of the balloon 2325 can be adjusted relative to the stent 2312. Once the balloon is properly positioned, such as at the area of maximum stent “waist”, the balloon is inflated to perform a post-dilatation procedure on the stent. In an embodiment, the stent delivery shaft 2310 contains two separate lumens in a single tubing. The two separate lumens include a balloon inflation lumen and a guidewire lumen. In this embodiment, the balloon inflation lumen exits the side of the shaft at a location between the proximal and distal bonding locations between the balloon ands shaft. The guidewire lumen exits at the distal end of the catheter as shown in FIG. 23 .

FIG. 24 shows a cross-sectional view of another embodiment of the catheter 2205. In an initial state, the balloon 2325 is positioned proximal to the stent 2312 and under the retractable outer sheath 2305. The embodiment of FIG. 24 may have lower profile than the embodiment of FIG. 23 , as the balloon thickness is not layered under the stent 2312 and the outer sheath 2305. Thus, the outer dimension of the outer sheath 2305 does not have to compensate for the stent 2312 being layered directly over the balloon 2325. In this embodiment, the balloon is positioned proximal to the stent while the stent is being deployed. After the stent is deployed, the balloon is repositioned forward (i.e., distal) to place the balloon at the location of maximum stent “waist”. Neither of the embodiments of FIGS. 23 and 24 are used for dilating the stent 2312 prior to stent deployment, as these embodiments would require deployment of the stent before the balloon can be inflated.

FIG. 25A shows another embodiment where the balloon 2325 is positioned distal to the stent 2312. The balloon 2325 is also positioned distal of the distal end of the outer stent constraint sheath 2305. This embodiment may have the smallest outer dimension of the embodiments of FIGS. 23-25 , as a balloon crossing profile is typically smaller than that of a stent delivery catheter. This embodiment can also be used for pre-dilatation of the stent. As with the embodiment of FIG. 24 , the balloon 2325 is repositioned after stent deployment to perform the post-dilatation step if desired. The foregoing devices do not preclude the exchange of further dilatation balloon catheters should the procedure require different balloon sizes to provide the desired end result.

The catheters shown in FIGS. 23-25A may have the guidewire lumen extend either through the entire length of the catheter, in an over-the-wire configuration, or have the guidewire lumen exit the catheter shaft at a position from 10 to 30 cm from the distal tip, in a rapid-exchange configuration. These configurations are well-known in the art for interventional catheters.

In another embodiment, shown in FIG. 25B, the stent delivery catheter 2205 contains an independently positionable balloon catheter shaft in its central lumen. The balloon catheter shaft can extend about 10-15 cm past the distal end of the stent delivery catheter, enabling the balloon to be advanced first to cross a lesion, and dilate the lesion if desired. The stent deployment portion of the catheter is then advanced across the lesion to deploy the stent. As above, the balloon is repositioned after stent deployment to perform the post-dilatation step if desired. In this embodiment, the balloon catheter shaft could be either a “fixed-wire” type with a built in guidewire tip, negating the need for a separate guide wire, or an over the wire or rapid exchange version wherein the central lumen of the balloon catheter shaft accepts a guidewire.

FIGS. 26A-26D show an exemplary method of use of any of the stent delivery catheters having a dilation balloon 2325 and stent delivery capabilities on a single system. FIGS. 26A-26D are shown in the context of the catheter being used for carotid artery stenting although the catheter can be used in other anatomic locations. Initially, as shown in FIG. 26A, an arterial access sheath 605 is introduced into the common carotid artery CCA via an access site in the CCA. Retrograde flow is then established using a retrograde flow system, such as the type described above, and a catheter 2205 is introduced through the sheath 605 and positioned across the target lesion.

The stent 2312 is deployed at the bifurcation by retracting the outer sheath 2305, which permits the stent to expand and deploy, as shown in FIG. 26B. The rate of retrograde flow can be increased while the catheter 2205 is being introduced and optionally while the stent 2312 is being deployed.

With the stent 2312 deployed, as shown in FIG. 26C, the balloon 2325 is expanded to perform a post dilation procedure on the stent 2312. The term “post dilation” refers to a procedure where a balloon is used to dilate the stent after the stent has been deployed, to achieve an optimal stent expansion. The rate of retrograde flow can be increased while the stent delivery catheter 2205 is performing the post-dilation procedure. After the dilatation is completed, the stent delivery catheter 2205 is removed and antegrade flow is reestablished, as shown in FIG. 26D. The sheath 605 can then be removed.

It should be appreciated these scenarios and figures are exemplary, and that access to the carotid artery can also be accessed transcervically through a percutaneous puncture with an intravascular occlusion means, or that the carotid artery can be accessed either percutaneously or using a surgical cut-down via a transfemoral arterial approach. It should also be appreciated the stent delivery system can be used in a variety of procedures that are not limited to retrograde flow. The described method is exemplary and the stent delivery catheter need not be used with a retrograde flow system or with retrograde flow.

Dilatation Balloon Catheter with Flushing Capabilities

In another embodiment, the catheter 2205 is configured for dilation of the stent and is also configured to flush or aspirate the blood vessel at a location proximal to the location of the balloon 2325. In the case of internal carotid artery stenting, this enables the user to flush or aspirate the internal carotid artery ICA just proximal to the balloon dilatation area, while the balloon occludes the ICA during post-dilatation. During flushing, the CCA may be un-occluded to allow forward flow of arterial blood into the ECA. Any embolic debris flowing towards the ICA is removed by this flushing action. Alternately, the CCA may be un-occluded while the balloon occludes the ICA during post-dilatation and any embolic debris may be aspirated from the carotid arteries via this lumen.

FIG. 27 shows a cross-sectional view of a distal region of a tri-lumen dilatation balloon catheter that has flushing capabilities. A flush lumen 2710 is located inside the shaft 2715 that carries the balloon 2325. The flush lumen 2710 terminates proximal to the balloon 2325. The lumen 2710 communicates with one or more exit ports comprised of side holes 2720 in the outer shaft 2715. A flush solution can be flowed through the lumen 2710 and out of the catheter 605 via the side hole(s) 2720. A proximal end of the flush lumen 2710 is connected to a proximal adaptor, which enables the flush lumen to be connected to a syringe, pressurized bag, or other source for flushing. The catheter also has a second lumen 2712 for inflation of the balloon 2325 and a third lumen 2714 for entry of a guide wire.

In another embodiment, shown in FIG. 28 , an outer tubing 2805 is positioned coaxial with a dual lumen shaft 2815 that carries the balloon 2325. The two lumens of the shaft include a guide wire lumen 2820 and a balloon inflation lumen 2825. The outer tubing 2805 terminates proximal to the balloon 2325 and in this manner forms an annular flush lumen 2710 positioned between the internal surface of the outer tubing 2805 and the external surface of the shaft 2815. The outer tubing 2805 and the flush lumen 2710 are connected on the proximal end to a flush connector as discussed above. In an embodiment, the flush lumen 2710 has an annular opening at the distal end of the outer tubing between the outer tubing 2805 and the shaft 2815. The flush solution can flow through the flush lumen 2710 and exit out the annular opening. Alternately, the distal tip of the outer tubing 2805 is tapered down to the diameter of the shaft 2715 and may be bonded to the shaft to create a smooth transition between the outer tubing 2805 and the shaft 2715.

The outer tubing 2805 has one or more side holes 2720 that permit the flush solution to exit the flush shaft 2710. Unlike the previous embodiment of FIG. 27 , the exit ports can be placed around the entire circumference of the shaft to provide optimal flushing. If the outer tubing 2805 is not bonded to the shaft 2715, outer tubing may be slideable with respect to the shaft. Thus, the outer tubing 2805 can be retracted from the shaft 2715 if desired. In this manner, the outer tubing 2805 may remain retracted if flushing the ICA is deemed not necessary. The shaft 2715 has a lower profile if the outer tubing 2805 is retracted. When flushing is desired, the outer tubing 2805 and flush shaft 2710 are advanced for flushing purposes.

FIG. 29 shows another embodiment that includes a dilation balloon catheter 2905 with an external, single-lumen tubing 2910 for flushing. The dilation balloon catheter 2905 is shown as a dual-lumen construction with a dilation balloon 2325 and an inflation lumen 2920 as well as a guidewire lumen 2925. Alternately, the dilatation balloon may be a co-axial construction, with an inner and an outer tubing, where the inner lumen of the inner tubing forms the guidewire lumen and the annular space between the inner and outer tubing form the balloon inflation lumen. Next to the dilatation balloon catheter 2905 is the flushing tubing 2910 having a flush lumen 2710 with one or more distal side holes 2720 for the flush solution to exit. The distal tip of the flushing tubing 2910 terminates proximal to the balloon 2325. This tubing may be fixed or slideably attached to all or a portion of the dilatation balloon catheter 2905, or be a completely separate flushing catheter. If completely separate, this infusion catheter can be inserted, if needed, during the flushing step, and be removed when not in use. This catheter may be placed over a separate guide wire.

The dilatation balloon catheter with the proximal flushing capabilities can be also positioned, or repositioned, as desired, at a location distal to the stented area. In the case of carotid artery stenting, the dilatation balloon is then inflated at a low pressure simply to occlude the ICA. With the balloon thus positioned, the ICA (including the stented area) is flushed while the common carotid artery occlusion is opened to forward flush arterial flow to the ECA. This procedural maneuver corresponds to the post-debridement flushing step performed during a CEA procedure. The side holes 2720 may further be designed to flush in a variety of directions, to improve the efficiency of the flush solution to clear embolic debris which may be trapped, or loosely attached, in the stented region.

The flush lumen in these embodiments can alternately be used to aspirate, rather than flush, during balloon deflation, to augment the reverse flow capture of embolic debris during this critical period of the procedure.

In another embodiment shown in FIGS. 30A and 30B, a dilatation balloon catheter 3005 has an occlusion balloon 3010 and an internal flush lumen through which a flush solution can be passed. A distal region 3015 of the catheter extends distally beyond the balloon 3010. The flush lumen communicates with side holes 3017 positioned distal in this distal region 3015. The catheter 3005 can include a guide wire lumen and a separate flush lumen or the guide wire lumen can also serve as a flush lumen. In the latter case, the cross sectional area for flushing is limited by the annular space between the guide wire and the diameter of the lumen. The size of the annular space can be increased by increasing the guide wire lumen diameter. The diameter of the guide wire lumen can taper down at the distal tip to create a smooth transition where the guide wire exits the catheter.

A variation of the embodiments of FIG. 30A-30B is a dilatation balloon catheter 3005 with ports or side holes for flushing and/or aspiration in locations both distal and proximal to the balloon 3010. During balloon deflation, solution could be flushed from side holes distal to the balloon 3010 and aspirated into side holes proximal to the balloon 3010.

One method of use of the catheter 3005 is to flush the stented segment of the carotid artery under reverse flow during balloon deflation. The flush solution would flow retrograde along with the blood flow in the internal carotid artery ICA into a reverse or retrograde flow shunt line as described earlier. The reverse flow may be either passive or actively aspirated, or may be modulated between different states. The flush side holes in the distal region 3015 of the catheter 3005 may be configured to point in a variety of directions, in order to improve efficiency of embolic debris capture. This method would also increase the velocity of flow past the stented region, again potentially improving the efficiency of embolic debris capture. Another method of use is to aspirate from the flush lumen, which can augment the debris capture from the reverse flow. Alternately, some of the lumens may be used to flush while others are used to aspirate.

Interventional Catheter with Combined Dilation and Occlusion Capabilities

In another embodiment, a dual-balloon catheter includes a dilatation balloon for pre-dilating the target lesion or post-dilating a stented segment, and also includes an occlusion balloon distal of the dilation balloon. The occlusion balloon is a lower pressure balloon relative to the dilation balloon. This catheter is advantageous during the period of the procedure when the dilation balloon is deflated after pre or post-dilation. The period of balloon deflation after dilation is typically a period when a heightened level of emboli is observed during a CAS procedure, as documented in studies utilizing transcranial Doppler measurements. The dual balloon catheter can be used to flush or aspirate the stented area during post-dilatation. After the dilation balloon is inflated in the stented segment, the potential emboli is cleared from the stented area by first occluding the internal carotid artery distal to the stented zone by inflating the occlusion balloon positioned distal of the dilation balloon and then deflating the dilation balloon. The common carotid artery occlusion is then opened to allow antegrade arterial flow to flush the common carotid artery and proximal internal carotid artery into the external carotid artery. In an alternate method, after dilation of the stent the distal occlusion balloon is inflated to occlude the internal carotid artery while the stented segment is exposed to retrograde blood flow, either passively or with active aspiration, such as a syringe or other suction source.

FIGS. 31A and 31B show the foregoing procedure. As shown in FIG. 31A, the dual balloon catheter 3105 has a dilation balloon 3110 and an occlusion balloon 3115 located distal of the dilation balloon. In the stent post-dilation step shown in FIG. 31A, the dilation balloon 3110 is inflated to dilate the stent 3112. As shown in FIG. 31B, during deflation of the dilation balloon 3110 the occlusion balloon 3115 is inflated to occlude the ICA distal to the location of the stent 3112. In an embodiment, the dual balloon catheter 3105 has two balloons combined onto a single shaft. The single shaft has a pair of inflation lumens, one for each balloon. The separate inflation lumens can be used to inflate both balloons independently and at different pressures.

In another embodiment, the balloon catheter 3105 has only a dilation balloon with the catheter having a central lumen. A low profile balloon catheter or guide wire with an inflatable balloon (also known as an inflatable guide wire) is positioned into the central lumen and is movably positionable to a desired location relative to the dilatation balloon. This embodiment allows the occlusion balloon 3115 to be independently positionable with respect to the dilatation balloon 3110, and eliminates the need for an additional inflation lumen in the balloon catheter shaft.

FIGS. 32A and 32B show a variation of the dual balloon catheter 3105 wherein the catheter includes a flush lumen that communicates with one or more flush holes positioned between the dilation balloon 3110 and the occlusion balloon 3115. This permits flushing of the stented area while the occlusion balloon 3115 occludes the distal ICA but the proximal dilatation balloon 3110 is deflated. The flush lumen can be a separate lumen in the catheter shaft, which terminates proximal to the distal occlusion balloon. The catheter shaft can have side holes to allow flush solution to exit the catheter. In the embodiment where the occlusion balloon is on separate shaft or guide wire in the central lumen, this flush lumen is the annular space between the occlusion balloon shaft or wire and the central lumen. Alternately, a separate micro-catheter is positioned proximal to the distal occlusion balloon 3115 and is used to flush the stented area. If a separate inflatable guide wire with inflatable balloon is used, the annular space between the two balloons can be used for flushing.

In a variation of the dual balloon catheter, a catheter 3305 has a single balloon 3310 with a dual diameter, as shown in FIGS. 33A-33C. The single balloon 3310 is configured to inflate to two different diameters based on the inflation pressure of the balloon. A distal portion 3315 of the balloon 3310 can inflate to a larger diameter than a proximal portion 3320 of the balloon 3310, as shown in FIG. 33A. At a low inflation pressure, the distal portion 3315 is inflated to a larger diameter and occludes the artery, as shown in FIG. 33B. At higher inflation pressures, the proximal portion 3320 inflates to a diameter the same as or greater than the distal portion 3315, as shown in FIG. 33C. In this manner, the proximal portion 3320 dilates the “waist” of the stented segment. The balloon 3310 may be designed of layered low and high durometer material, or reinforced material in which the reinforcement provides a limit to the expansion dimensions, such that the distal occlusive segment will not over inflate during the higher pressure inflation.

Interventional Catheter with Occlusion Balloon and Flush Capabilities

In another embodiment shown in FIG. 34 , an occlusion balloon catheter 3405 has a distal occlusion balloon 3410 and an internal flush lumen through which a flush solution can be passed. The flush lumen communicates with side holes 3415 positioned proximal of the occlusion balloon 3410. In use in a carotid artery setting, the balloon catheter 3405 is positioned in the internal carotid artery such that the occlusion balloon 3410 can be inflated to block the internal carotid artery. The flush lumen may be used to flush or aspirate the internal carotid artery proximal to the occlusion balloon 3410.

In an embodiment, the catheter 3405 is exchanged over a guide wire under retrograde flow so that the balloon 3410 is at a position distal to the stented segment. This allows the catheter 3405 to flush the internal carotid artery stented segment during a period when the common carotid artery occlusion is opened to forward flush arterial flow from the internal carotid artery and common carotid artery into the external carotid artery. The flush lumen can be either integral to the occlusion balloon catheter 3410, via a separate elongate member having a lumen, coaxial to the catheter 3410 via a separate tubing over the outside of the catheter shaft, or via a separate single lumen infusion catheter. In the case of a separate lumen or a coaxial outer member, the flush solution may exit from side holes in the shaft of the catheter.

As described in previous embodiments, the side holes used for flushing may be configured to flush in a variety of directions, to improve the efficiency of the flush solution to clear embolic debris which may be trapped, or loosely attached, in the stented region. In this regard, the side holes can point in a desired direction or can have a shape or size the facilitates directional flow of the flushing solution.

Stent Delivery Catheter with Occlusion Balloon

There are now described stent delivery catheters that are combined with an occlusion balloon. Such systems can be used in a carotid artery retrograde flow system where the retrograde flow rate is insufficient to reverse the flow in the internal carotid artery when the stent delivery catheter is in a delivery sheath. The combined stent delivery catheter and occlusion balloon provides protection against embolic release distal of the stent delivery location. The combined stent delivery catheter and occlusion balloon can also be used with an embolic protection system which uses distal occlusion, as described by Imran.

In an embodiment, the occlusion balloon is an inflatable guide wire with a removable inflation device. The stent delivery catheter can be backloaded onto the inflatable guide wire once the balloon is inflated. That is, the distal end of the stent delivery catheter can be loaded over the proximal end of the guidewire. The inflated balloon occludes the internal carotid artery during positioning of the stent delivery catheter and deployment of the stent. The inflatable guide wire can also be pre-loaded onto the stent delivery catheter such that the stent delivery catheter cannot be removed from the stent delivery catheter. The inflatable guide wire is longer than the stent delivery catheter by a fixed amount (such as around 5-10 cm). Once inflatable guide wire is positioned in the artery and inflated, the stent delivery catheter is moved into place and the stent is deployed. The occlusion balloon can remain inflated during any number of steps which are perceived as higher risk for embolic generation, for example the removal of the stent delivery catheter, flushing, and opening the CCA to arterial flow into the ECA.

In another embodiment, the stent delivery catheter has an internal lumen that receives a low profile balloon catheter. In a first variation of this embodiment, the low profile balloon is a fixed or movable wire catheter. In another embodiment, the low profile balloon is an over the wire or rapid exchange catheter that is placed over a standard PTCA catheter.

In yet another embodiment, an occlusion balloon is built into a central lumen of a stent delivery catheter. The balloon is used for vessel occlusion and is positioned a predetermined distance from the stent. This embodiment would have a low profile but does not permit independent movement between the stent delivery catheter and the occlusion balloon.

Stent Delivery Catheter with Flush or Aspiration Lumen

There are now described stent delivery catheters that are combined with a capability for aspiration at the distal end. Such systems can be used to replace or augment reverse flow embolic protection systems by providing a port for aspiration at the target lesion site. The combined stent delivery and aspiration catheter provides improved protection against embolic release at the site of the stent delivery location. The catheter includes an aspiration lumen that may be connected at a proximal end with a lower pressure receptacle or the venous side of a flow reversal circuit. Alternately, because the aspiration lumen is a relatively high flow resistance lumen, the lumen may be connected to an active aspiration source such as a syringe, suction pump, or the like.

In one embodiment, shown in FIG. 35 , the stent delivery catheter 3505 has an internal coaxial tubing member 3510 that terminates at the distal tapered tip. The annular space between the tubing 3510 and the central guidewire lumen comprises an aspiration lumen 3515. Side holes 3520 at the distal tip create entry ports for aspiration of blood and potential capture of embolic debris. The proximal end of the aspiration lumen 3515 is connection to a passive or active aspiration source.

In another embodiment as shown in FIG. 36 , the guidewire lumen 3515 doubles as the aspiration lumen. The distal end of the guidewire lumen 3515 becomes an entry port 3525 into the aspiration lumen. Side holes 3520 in the tapered tip create additional entry ports for augmented aspiration. The guidewire lumen 3515 is connected to an aspiration port at the proximal end. Typically, the guidewire enters the stent delivery catheter through a hemostasis valve; the aspiration source may be connected to a Y-arm in fluid communication with this hemostasis valve.

In an alternate method of use, the aspiration lumen may be used for flushing solution. In this method of use, the flow solution may increase flow past the lesion in procedures where the stent is being deployed in conjunction with reverse flow embolic protection, to improve the efficiency of the reverse flow hemodynamics to clear embolic debris which may be trapped, or loosely attached, in the stented region.

Low Profile Stent Delivery Catheter

In cases where the arterial access sheath is used as part of a reverse flow embolic protection system, for example as described by Criado or Chang, it would be desirable to minimize the level of flow resistance caused by the presence of the stent delivery catheter in the arterial access sheath. In reverse flow protocols, where the stent delivery catheter adds resistance to reverse flow by taking up cross sectional area in the arterial access sheath, one way of minimizing the flow resistance is to reduce the diameter of the stent delivery catheter. This can be achieved by employing a retractable or removable stent constraint sleeve on the stent delivery catheter. In an embodiment, the stent constraint sleeve can be retracted sufficient to be removed entirely from the remainder of the catheter. Removal of the outer retractable sleeve during stent delivery from the arterial access sheath would reduce the flow restriction and thus increases the level of reverse flow, which in turn may improve the capture of embolic debris. In the case of a transfemoral approach in the reverse flow procedure, the outer sleeve can be nearly or completely removed from the catheter in a peel-away manner. To facilitate this, the outer sleeve may have a slit along its length or is split along its length. Alternately, the outer sleeve can also be a tear-away sleeve which is pre-weakened along the length and is split on removal, or a sleeve which is slit with a blade on removal.

In the case of a transcervical access for a reverse flow procedure in which only the distal-most portion of the stent delivery catheter is in the access sheath, the outer sleeve retraction length does not need to be as great as in the transfemoral approach. In this case, the outer sleeve may only need to retract from this distal portion of the stent delivery catheter, for example about 25 cm, in order to be removed from the reverse flow path. This may still be facilitated by a slit or split sheath on the proximal portion of the sheath. For procedures where the arterial access sheath is stepped in size, for example the distal end which enters the artery is a smaller diameter than the remaining proximal portion of the sheath, the sleeve retraction only needs to be long enough to pull the sleeve back into the proximal section of the arterial access sheath with the larger diameter.

It may be important during initial retraction of the sleeve to preserve precise and/or reversible distal sheath retraction during the actual stent delivery portion of the procedure. After the stent is deployed, however, the retraction of the sleeve can be optimized for rapid removal. For example, a distal portion (such as a 4 cm distal portion) of the sleeve is adapted to be manually retracted by the operator. This permits precise placement of the stent as the sleeve can be moved back and forth during the stent placement process. The remainder of the sheath retraction can be implemented automatically, such as using a spring-loaded retraction system with a trigger or other control mechanism on the proximal end of the stent delivery catheter. Actuation of the control mechanism causes automatic and rapid retraction of the sleeve.

In another embodiment, the stent constraint sleeve is adapted to be able to shrink in size. For example, after the sleeve is pulled back from stent, the sleeve shrinks down from a larger size that fits over the stent to a smaller size that fits over the stent delivery shaft. This may be accomplished by constructing the stent constraint sleeve out of a compressible spring construction such as a braid, or an elastomeric material.

In yet another embodiment, the stent constraint is not a fully circumferential sleeve, but is something of lower profile, such as a rip cord tightly wound around stent, a partial sleeve with at least one lace-up thread that pulls out to open up sleeve, wire(s) intertwined with stent that are pulled for release, or wire(s) engaged with shaft under stent which is pulled to release the stent. The stent can also be constrained using wires which can be released with an electric current or magnetic constraint which can be released by intravascular or external magnet. In another variation, the distal portion of constraint sleeve is a tube but proximal the portion is a rod or rods which can pull back the distal portion of the sleeve.

Balloon Deflation Sensor

In any of the embodiments with an inflation balloon, a sensor device can be coupled to the balloon inflation device wherein the sensor device can sense the moment of balloon deflation and output a signal to the controller 1112 of the reverse flow system 100. The sensor can be located on the balloon inflation device of at some location between the balloon inflation device and the balloon. The signal may automatically instruct the reverse flow system to switch to a higher level of reverse flow, either by reducing the flow restriction, switching to an active flow system, or switching to an aspiration source such as a pre-set VacuLok syringe, Vacutainer, suction system, or the like. This signal may be electronic, such as an electromechanical vacuum sensor, or hydraulic, using the pressure drop to activate a pressure valve or similar hydraulically-controlled flow control component.

Although embodiments of various methods and devices are described herein in detail with reference to certain versions, it should be appreciated that other versions, embodiments, methods of use, and combinations thereof are also possible. Therefore the spirit and scope of the appended claims should not be limited to the description of the embodiments contained herein.

Although embodiments of various methods and devices are described herein in detail with reference to certain versions, it should be appreciated that other versions, embodiments, methods of use, and combinations thereof are also possible. Therefore the spirit and scope of the appended claims should not be limited to the description of the embodiments contained herein. 

1.-90. (canceled)
 91. An interventional catheter system for treating a blood vessel, comprising: an access sheath positionable transcervically in a carotid artery, the access sheath comprising a distal section attachable to a reverse flow path, a proximal extension outside of the reverse flow path and connected to the distal section by a connector; an elongate stent delivery catheter sized for insertion through the access sheath when the access sheath is positioned in the carotid artery; a stent positioned on a distal region of the stent delivery catheter; a retractable stent containment member slidably positioned over the stent delivery catheter and the stent such that the stent containment member contains the stent in a collapsed state, wherein the retractable stent containment member is configured to be retracted from the stent delivery catheter by a first length to expose the self-expanding stent; a control mechanism on a proximal region of the stent delivery catheter, the control mechanism being coupled to the stent containment member such that the control mechanism can be actuated to retract the stent containment member; and wherein retraction of the stent containment member from the stent delivery catheter withdraws the stent containment member into the proximal extension at least partially proximal to the connector.
 92. A catheter system as in claim 91, wherein the first length is approximately 25 cm.
 93. A catheter system as in claim 91, wherein the stent containment member is completely retractable from the stent delivery catheter while the shaft is positioned in the carotid artery.
 94. A catheter system as in claim 91, wherein the stent containment member adds resistance to reverse flow through the reverse flow path in the access sheath and retraction of the stent containment member from the distal section of the access sheath into the proximal extension removes the resistance to reverse flow through the reverse flow path and increases the level of reverse flow during stent expansion.
 95. A catheter system as in claim 91, further comprising a flow shunt fluidly connectable to the access sheath and forming a part of the reverse flow path, wherein the flow shunt comprises two or more parallel flow paths and a valve to open or close one or more of the parallel flow paths selectively directing blood flow through the one or more of the parallel flow paths to adjust a state of flow through the flow shunt.
 96. A catheter system as in claim 91, wherein the connector connects the reverse flow path to the flow shunt.
 97. A catheter system as in claim 91, wherein one of the two or more parallel flow paths comprises a main lumen and a secondary lumen having a flow resistance that is higher than a flow resistance of the main lumen.
 98. A catheter system as in claim 96, wherein the secondary lumen is longer and/or has a smaller diameter than the main lumen.
 99. A catheter system as in claim 98, wherein a pressure drop is created in the main lumen across an inlet and outlet of the secondary lumen.
 100. A catheter system as in claim 97, wherein the valve is configured to block flow through the main lumen and divert all flow to the secondary lumen increasing flow resistance and reducing rate of flow.
 101. A catheter system as in claim 100, wherein the valve is configured to block flow through the secondary lumen and divert all flow to the main lumen decreasing flow resistance and increasing the rate of flow.
 102. A catheter system as in claim 91, wherein the catheter has a working length suitable for deployment through a transcervical access sheath into the common carotid artery.
 103. A catheter system as in claim 102, wherein the working length is within the range of approximately 40 cm to 60 cm.
 104. A catheter system as in claim 102, wherein the working length is within the range of approximately 40 cm to 75 cm.
 105. A catheter system as in claim 91, wherein the stent is a self-expanding stent. 